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• W4280498967 abstract "The contribution of chronic kidney disease (CKD) to the global burden of disease is growing, accounting for an estimated 1.2 million deaths worldwide in 2017.1Hill N.R. Fatoba S.T. Oke J.L. et al.Global prevalence of chronic kidney disease - a systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS One. 2016; 11e0158765Crossref Scopus (1775) Google Scholar,2Bikbov B. Purcell C.A. Levey A.S. et al.Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.The Lancet. 2020; 395: 709-733Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1724) Google Scholar In the low- and lower-middle-income countries of sub-Saharan Africa, such as Zimbabwe, the burden of CKD is poorly understood, with little data on even the most severe form, kidney failure. This poverty of data was highlighted by the recent Assessment of Global Kidney Health Atlas being unable to report a prevalence of treated kidney failure across most of Africa, including Zimbabwe.3Bello A.K. Levin A. Tonelli M. et al.Assessment of global kidney health care status.JAMA. 2017; 317: 1864-1881Crossref PubMed Scopus (215) Google Scholar The Dialysis in Zimbabwe (DIAZ) project was designed to collect and report on prevalence, incidence, characteristics, and outcomes of treated kidney failure patients. All dialysis patients in Zimbabwe were approached for participation in February 2018, with participants providing written informed consent. The study had an observational cohort design and used World Bank population estimates for the year 2018 as the denominator in describing prevalence (Item S1). Ethics approval was granted by the Medical Research Council of Zimbabwe (approval number MRCZ/A/2202). The 16 participating dialysis units are located across Zimbabwe’s major cities (Fig 1, Table S1), with the majority in the capital, Harare. Peritoneal dialysis (PD) training occurs in a single public unit in Harare, with PD supplies available from Harare and Bulawayo. Most patients, however, access government-funded supplies in Harare, requiring travel distances of 5-272 kilometers. At the time of this study, dialysis was not publicly subsidized, and all patients were required to pay for dialysis through health insurance or direct payment. A total of 482 prevalent dialysis patients were identified in February 2018 (hemodialysis [HD]: 457; PD: 25), equating to a crude national prevalence rate of 33.4 patients per million population (pmp) and an estimated dialysis prevalence of 46.0 and 21.8 pmp for male and female persons, respectively. Consent for data collection was obtained from 367 of the prevalent patients (HD: 354; PD: 13), representing 76% of Zimbabwe’s prevalent dialysis population. Most HD patients were male (66.7%) while most PD patients were female (62%); patients’ mean age and dialysis vintage were 53.2 and 1.7 years for HD and 50.1 and 0.7 years for PD (Tables 1 and S2). HD patients mostly dialyzed in private units (69.5%), for 2 sessions per week of 5 hours each, and predominantly through tunneled central venous catheters (72.6%) (Table S3). All PD patients were on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, with 2-4 exchanges per day (Table S4). Demographics of private and public dialysis patients were similar, though in the private setting a higher proportion had diabetes (Table S5). Most patients reported a monthly family income of ≤US$1,000, and most used health insurance to pay for dialysis.Table 1Clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of study populationHD (n = 354)PD (n = 13)Male sex236 (66.7%)5 (39%)Age at enrollment53.2 ± 13.550.1 ± 11.5 <20 y2 (0.6%)0 20-39 y57 (16.1%)3 (23%) 40-59 y180 (50.8%)7 (54%) ≥60 y115 (32.5%)3 (23%)Monthly family income categoryaThe World Bank reports the purchasing power parity conversion factor for Zimbabwe as 0.5 per US dollar for 2020.8 GDP per capita was reported as USD1,239 in 2020.9 Not available39 (11.0%)0 0-500 USD203 (57.3%)5 (39%) 500-1,000 USD54 (15.3%)6 (46%) 1,000-1,500 USD27 (7.6%)0 1,500-2,000 USD8 (2.3%)0 >2,000 USD23 (6.5%)2 (15%)Dialysis payment source Health insurance283 (79.9%)13 (100%) Self16 (4.5%)0 Relative in Zimbabwe or abroad44 (12.4%)0 Other11 (3.1%)0Time since CKD diagnosis, y4.0 (2.0-5.0)3.0 (2.0-5.0)Duration of dialysis, y1.7 (0.7-3.7)0.7 (0.4-1.8)Known diabetes134 (37.9%)5 (39%) Duration, ybDuration of diabetes not available for 2 patients.15.0 (9.8-23.0)20.0 (5.0-20.0)Known hypertension313 (88.4%)12 (92%) Duration, ycDuration of hypertension not available for 4 patients.9.0 (4.0-18.0)8.5 (5.0-18.0)Known ischemic heart disease26 (7.3%)0 Duration, y1.0 (1.0-3.5)–Infection status HBV surface antigen positive21 (5.9%)1 (8%) Hepatitis C virus positive6 (1.7%)0 HIV positive56 (15.8%)1 (8%)Renal medication use Erythropoietin in last 3 months251 (70.9%)4 (31%) Iron sucrose in last 3 months204 (57.6%)3 (23%) Current phosphate binder use95 (26.8%)0Values given as number (%), mean ± SD, or median (IQR). Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; HBV, hepatitis B virus; USD, US dollars.a The World Bank reports the purchasing power parity conversion factor for Zimbabwe as 0.5 per US dollar for 2020.8The World BankWorld Development Indicators: Exchange rates and prices.http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/4.16Date accessed: November 9, 2021Google Scholar GDP per capita was reported as USD1,239 in 2020.9The World BankGDP per capita (constant 2015 US$) - Zimbabwe.https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD?locations=ZWDate accessed: November 9, 2021Google Scholarb Duration of diabetes not available for 2 patients.c Duration of hypertension not available for 4 patients. Open table in a new tab Values given as number (%), mean ± SD, or median (IQR). Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; HBV, hepatitis B virus; USD, US dollars. Etiology of kidney disease (as attributed by patients) was dominated by hypertension (HD: 71.8%; PD: 85%) and diabetes (HD: 34.5%; PD: 31%), with HIV-related kidney disease uncommon (Fig S1). The lack of access to kidney biopsy limits our ability to precisely assign etiology; however, the high prevalence of hypertension and diabetes, and the rarity of glomerulonephritis, raises the possibility that targeted use of preventative treatments may mitigate the future burden of kidney failure. These data provide a valuable insight into dialysis prevalence in Zimbabwe, and the sub-Saharan region generally, home to over 1 billion people.4Liyanage T. Ninomiya T. Jha V. et al.Worldwide access to treatment for end-stage kidney disease: a systematic review.Lancet. 2015; 385: 1975-1982Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1097) Google Scholar Our results are consistent with prior modeling estimates, based upon life expectancy and gross national income, of a dialysis prevalence of <50 pmp.4Liyanage T. Ninomiya T. Jha V. et al.Worldwide access to treatment for end-stage kidney disease: a systematic review.Lancet. 2015; 385: 1975-1982Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1097) Google Scholar This compares with a prevalence of 190 pmp in South Africa and more than 1,000 pmp in high-income countries,5Davids R, Jardine T, Marais N, Zunza M, Jacobs J, Sebastian S. South African Renal Registry Annual Report 2017. Published online January 1, 2019. https://doi.org/10.21804/22-1-3810Google Scholar,6US Renal Data System 2019 Annual Data Report: epidemiology of kidney disease in the United States.Am J Kidney Dis. 2020; 75: S1-S64PubMed Google Scholar although these rates include transplantation, a treatment modality not accessible in Zimbabwe. Our study also highlights a very low rate of PD, which likely has multifactorial origins, including the high cost of supplies (equivalent to the cost of twice-weekly HD), concerns about peritonitis, and the lack of PD catheter insertion and training outside of Harare. Our results confirm modeling that conservatively estimated less than 10% of patients in Zimbabwe that would benefit from kidney failure treatment are currently receiving it.4Liyanage T. Ninomiya T. Jha V. et al.Worldwide access to treatment for end-stage kidney disease: a systematic review.Lancet. 2015; 385: 1975-1982Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1097) Google Scholar Introduction of public dialysis support by the Zimbabwean government in July 2018 is likely to assist in addressing undertreatment, but gaps in funding, trained staff, and infrastructure are sizeable and will take some time to remedy.7Barsoum R.S. Khalil S.S. Arogundade F.A. Fifty years of dialysis in Africa: challenges and progress.Am J Kidney Dis. 2015; 65: 502-512Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (30) Google Scholar In conclusion, this project provides comprehensive data on the nature and prevalence of dialysis in Zimbabwe, highlighting low access to dialysis and the underuse of PD as a treatment modality. Importantly, our findings provide an insight into the sub-Saharan region, show the feasibility of such measurement, and point to possible approaches that may reduce the future burden of kidney failure. Rumbidzai Dahwa, MBChB, Locadia Rutsito, BSc (Nursing Science), Amanda N. Siriwardana, MBBS, Namrata Nath Kumar, BHSc (Health Science), and Martin P. Gallagher, PhD. Research idea and study design: RD, LR, NNK, MPG; data acquisition: RD, LR; data analysis/interpretation: RD, ANS, MPG. Each author contributed important intellectual content during manuscript drafting or revision and agrees to be personally accountable for the individual’s own contributions and to ensure that questions pertaining to the accuracy or integrity of any portion of the work, even one in which the author was not directly involved, are appropriately investigated and resolved, including with documentation in the literature if appropriate. This work was funded by the International Society of Nephrology Clinical Research Program, the George Institute for Global Health, and the University of New South Wales. This support was unconditional, and the funding bodies had no role in study design, data collection, analysis, reporting, or decision to submit the manuscript for publication. The authors declare that they have no relevant financial interests. We gratefully acknowledge the patients and staff at each dialysis unit across Zimbabwe for facilitating enrolment and data collection for this research. Received August 23, 2021. Evaluated by 2 external peer reviewers, with direct editorial input from an Associate Editor and the Editor-in-Chief. Accepted in revised form April 1, 2022. Download .pdf (.19 MB) Help with pdf files Supplementary File (PDF)Figure S1; Item S1; Tables S1-S5." @default.
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• W4280498967 title "Dialysis Prevalence in Zimbabwe: A Cross-sectional Descriptive Study" @default.
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