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• W4281295399 abstract "We study the CO(1-0)-to-H$_2$ conversion factor ($X_{rm CO}$) and the line ratio of CO(2-1)-to-CO(1-0) ($R_{21}$) across a wide range of metallicity ($0.1 leq Z/Z_odot leq 3$) in high-resolution (~0.2 pc) hydrodynamical simulations of a self-regulated multiphase interstellar medium. We construct synthetic CO emission maps via radiative transfer and systematically vary the observational beam size to quantify the scale dependence. We find that the kpc-scale $X_{rm CO}$ can be over-estimated at low $Z$ if assuming steady-state chemistry or assuming that the star-forming gas is H$_2$-dominated. On parsec scales, $X_{rm CO}$ varies by orders of magnitude from place to place, primarily driven by the transition from atomic carbon to CO. The pc-scale $X_{rm CO}$ drops to the Milky Way value of $2times 10^{20} {rm cm^{-2}~(K~km~s^{-1})^{-1}}$ once dust shielding becomes effective, independent of $Z$. The CO lines become increasingly optically thin at lower $Z$, leading to a higher $R_{21}$. Most cloud area is filled by diffuse gas with high $X_{rm CO}$ and low $R_{21}$, while most CO emission originates from dense gas with low $X_{rm CO}$ and high $R_{21}$. Adopting a constant $X_{rm CO}$ strongly over- (under-)estimates H$_2$ in dense (diffuse) gas. The line intensity negatively (positively) correlates with $X_{rm CO}$ ($R_{21}$) as it is a proxy of column density (volume density). On large scales, $X_{rm CO}$ and $R_{21}$ are dictated by beam averaging, and they are naturally biased towards values in dense gas. Our predicted $X_{rm CO}$ is a multivariate function of $Z$, line intensity, and beam size, which can be used to more accurately infer the H$_2$ mass." @default.
• W4281295399 created "2022-05-24" @default.
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• W4281295399 date "2022-05-01" @default.
• W4281295399 modified "2023-10-05" @default.
• W4281295399 title "Dependence of X _CO on Metallicity, Intensity, and Spatial Scale in a Self-regulated Interstellar Medium" @default.
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• W4281295399 doi "https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac65fd" @default.
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