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• W4281684152 abstract "The aim of this study was to assess whether rearing fish at increased water hardness could assist channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ) juveniles to efficiently cope with later (sub)lethal ammonia exposure or salinity stress. Fish were subjected to 100, 494 (10% of 96 h-LC 50 ) or 1250 mg/L (25% of 96 h-LC 50 ) CaCO 3 water hardness levels for two months. Afterwards, fish were challenged with high environmental ammonia (HEA; 12.2 mg/L total ammonia ~25% of 96 h-LC 50 value) or salinity stress (SST;10 ppt) separately for 21 days at their respective water hardness levels. Results show that after two months, weight gain (%), specific growth rate and feed conversion in 1250 mg/L CaCO 3 group were markedly worse than 100 and 494 mg/L CaCO 3 groups. This finding was accompanied with a down-regulation of hepatic IGF-I and growth hormone receptors (GHR) mRNA levels. During SST, growth was still significantly worse for those at 1250 mg/L CaCO 3 (1250 SST ). However, exposure to HEA inhibited growth for 100 HEA and 494 HEA relative to 1250 HEA . Ammonia excretion rate (J amm ) remained similar at different hardness levels; however, this was strongly inhibited at 100 HEA , 494 HEA and 100 SST . This appeared to align to some degree with high water hardness having a protective effect on the gill histomorphology. In fact, fish at 1250 HEA were able to increase J amm efficiently, which was associated with upregulated branchial expression of ammonia transporters (Rhesus glycoproteins ‘Rhcg’) and Na + /H + exchanger, as well as augmented gill H +- ATPase activity. These responses prevented a build-up of excess ammonia in plasma. In contrast, both 1250 mg/L CaCO 3 and 1250 HEA groups displayed inhibited branchial Na + /K + -ATPase activity indicating this unlikely has a major role in ammonia excretion. Gill Ca 2+ -ATPase activities reduced at the highest hardness (1250 mg/L CaCO 3 ) and 1250 HEA groups, likely to prevent hypercalcemia in plasma. No differences among hardness levels were noted for ion-regulation or Ca 2+ - homeostasis under SST. Overall, findings suggest that although elevated water hardness up to 1250 mg/L CaCO 3 adversely affects the growth performance of channel catfish, it can ameliorate the inhibitory growth effects of HEA. This was partly attributed to 1250 mg/L CaCO 3 protecting the gills as well as mitigating HEA-induced ammonia excretory and ion-regulatory disruption. However, elevated hardness may not be as effective in alleviating salinity stress in catfish. • Elevated water hardness (1250 mg/L CaCO 3 ) alleviated the inhibitory effects of high environmental ammonia (HEA) on growth performance. • During HEA, 1250 mg/L CaCO 3 facilitated ammonia excretion by augmenting gill H + -ATPase activity and Rhcg and NHE-2 expression • Overall, our results suggest that 1250 mg/L CaCO 3 hardness can be used as a tool to mitigate sub-lethal effect of chronic ammonia exposure." @default.
• W4281684152 created "2022-06-13" @default.
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• W4281684152 date "2022-11-01" @default.
• W4281684152 modified "2023-10-13" @default.
• W4281684152 title "Modulating effect of elevated water hardness on growth performance, ammonia dynamics and ion-regulatory capacity in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) following chronic challenge with high environmental ammonia and salinity stress" @default.
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• W4281684152 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.738489" @default.
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