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• W4283121970 abstract "Hard WiredBiology and the culture wars Hari Kunzru (bio) in 2017, a Google engineer called James Damore circulated an internal memo criticizing the company's diversity initiatives. In Google's Ideological Echo Chamber, Damore argued that women were underrepresented in the tech industry not because of bias but because of innate psychological characteristics. Differences in distributions of traits between men and women may in part explain why we don't have 50% representation of women in tech and leadership, he argued. If psychological traits were at the root of the problem, then existing initiatives to improve diversity would not work. These practices are based on false assumptions generated by our biases and can actually increase race and gender tensions. [End Page 160] Damore's tone wavered uncertainly between technocratic neutrality and libertarian polemic. Discrimination to reach equal representation is unfair, divisive, and bad for business, he wrote. Google was suffering from confirmation bias, stemming from left-wing domination of the social sciences and humanities, a domination that had produced and maintained such myths as social constructionism and the gender wage gap. He accused his employer of shaming dissenters into silence, creating an ideological echo chamber where some ideas are too sacred to be honestly discussed. If Damore thought his intervention would be well received, he'd failed to read the room. The Department of Labor had just testified in court that it had convincing evidence showing Google was systematically paying women less than men across the company. Any suggestion that people inside Google believed that women were innately less suited to being software engineers was potentially damaging to a company defending itself against possible labor-law violations. On August 5, the website Gizmodo published the memo. Two days later, Damore was fired. In a note to Google employees, the company's CEO, Sundar Pichai, stated that our job is to build great products for users that make a difference in their lives. To suggest a group of our colleagues have traits that make them less biologically suited to that work is offensive and not OK. Damore's case quickly became a cause célèbre in the culture wars. To some he was a free speech martyr who lost his job for the thought crime of being offensive and not OK. To others he was a misogynist troll who had made himself unemployable. He toured the right-wing media circuit, doing sympathetic interviews with Ben Shapiro and Joe Rogan and changing his Twitter profile picture to a professional-looking shot of himself wearing a T-shirt with a version of the Google logo détourned to read Goolag. One prominent defender of Damore was the psychologist Steven Pinker. On a panel at Kenyon College, Pinker assured the audience that everything in the memo was based on peer-reviewed science, and that it was by no means a sexist or outrageous [End Page 161] document. Pinker's support for Damore was perhaps unsurprising, since much of the memo was couched in terms drawn from Pinker's own field, evolutionary psychology. According to evolutionary psychology, the brain is an information-processing system designed by natural selection in response to feedback from the environment. Individual behavioral adaptations are generated by specialized programs, or modules, rather than emerging from some general-purpose, infinitely plastic architecture. So instead of the mind being a tabula rasa on which culture can write its many and varied scripts, culture is constrained and channeled by the process of natural selection that has created the evolved brain. And importantly, because evolution takes place over long time scales, the Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness for which the brain is supposedly optimized is an ancient one—namely, the savannah that exerted selection pressures on our ancestors. This perspective is, among other things, a direct challenge to the idea, common in the social sciences, that culture occupies a realm separate from psychology and biology. In one of the landmark documents of evolutionary psychology, the 1992 essay The Psychological Foundations of Culture, the psychologist Leda Cosmides and her anthropologist husband, John Tooby, briskly stated their opposition to this assumption. Human minds, human behavior, human artifacts, and human culture are all biological phenomena, they insisted..." @default.
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• W4283121970 title "Hard Wired: Biology and the culture wars" @default.
• W4283121970 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/tyr.2022.0021" @default.
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