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- W4283273156 abstract "For many years, the Katyn massacre dominated the discussion of Polish prisoners during the Second World War but this masked how the majority were caught up in both German and Soviet schemes for ethnic cleansing, mass deportation, and economic enslavement. This chapter charts how German and later Soviet military successes in September and October 1939 led to the incarceration of hundreds of thousands of Polish soldiers. It goes on to record the German steps made to civilianize them in the interests of the wider war effort—thus arbitrarily excluding them from the protection of the Geneva Convention. Many thousands of men were deployed from 1940 onwards as forced labour in agriculture, even inside Germany itself, a step that seems to have been taken despite the Nazis’ desire to defend ideas of racial purity within the Reich. The Soviets also took substantial numbers of prisoners, dividing the officers from the other ranks, with some of the former being subjected to political indoctrination campaigns. Their largely unresponsive response led to the large-scale liquidations of these men in the Katyn forest and elsewhere—a crime uncovered by the Nazis in 1943 but not acknowledged by the USSR until 1990. The chapter also examines the fate of all the other remaining Polish prisoners, both as forced labourers inside the Soviet Union and then subsequently their recruitment into Anders’ Army and its transfer to the West. Finally, it looks at the fate of Soviet and Finnish prisoners in the Winter War and Continuation War, 1940‒4." @default.
- W4283273156 created "2022-06-23" @default.
- W4283273156 creator A5052478142 @default.
- W4283273156 date "2022-05-05" @default.
- W4283273156 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
- W4283273156 title "The Polish Campaign and the Winter War 1939‒1940" @default.
- W4283273156 doi "https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198840398.003.0002" @default.
- W4283273156 hasPublicationYear "2022" @default.
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