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- W4283700010 endingPage "114403" @default.
- W4283700010 startingPage "114403" @default.
- W4283700010 abstract "Nanoparticles (NP) are attractive options for the therapeutic delivery of active pharmaceutical drugs, proteins and nucleic acids into cells, tissues and organs. Research into the development and application of NP most often starts with a diverse group of scientists, including chemists, bioengineers and material and pharmaceutical scientists, who design, fabricate and characterize NP in vitro (Stage 1). The next step (Stage 2) generally investigates cell toxicity as well as the processes by which NP bind, are internalized and deliver their cargo to appropriate model tissue culture cells. Subsequently, in Stage 3, selected NP are tested in animal systems, mostly mouse. Whereas the chemistry-based development and analysis in Stage 1 is increasingly sophisticated, the investigations in Stage 2 are not what could be regarded as 'state-of-the-art' for the cell biology field and the quality of research into NP interactions with cells is often sub-standard. In this review we describe our current understanding of the mechanisms by which particles gain entry into mammalian cells via endocytosis. We summarize the most important areas for concern, highlight some of the most common mis-conceptions, and identify areas where NP scientists could engage with trained cell biologists. Our survey of the different mechanisms of uptake into cells makes us suspect that claims for roles for caveolae, as well as macropinocytosis, in NP uptake into cells have been exaggerated, whereas phagocytosis has been under-appreciated." @default.
- W4283700010 created "2022-06-30" @default.
- W4283700010 creator A5011175019 @default.
- W4283700010 creator A5013548456 @default.
- W4283700010 creator A5033432789 @default.
- W4283700010 creator A5050585535 @default.
- W4283700010 creator A5060997427 @default.
- W4283700010 creator A5079491369 @default.
- W4283700010 date "2022-09-01" @default.
- W4283700010 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
- W4283700010 title "Nanoparticle entry into cells; the cell biology weak link" @default.
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