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• W4285175450 endingPage "82" @default.
• W4285175450 startingPage "31" @default.
• W4285175450 abstract "Protecting habitatHabitat, or pieces of open ocean, for highly mobile marine mammalMarine mammals species that traverse ocean basins presents one of the greatest challenges in marine conservationMarine conservation. Among the tools available for identifying, monitoring,Monitoring and maintaining defined spaces are a wide variety of marine protected areasMarine Protected Area (MPA) (MPAs), IUCN important marine mammal areasImportant Marine Mammal Area (IMMA) (IMMAs), IUCN key biodiversityBiodiversity areas (KBAs), Convention on Biological DiversityConvention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (CBD) ecologically or biologically significant areasEcologically or Biologically Significant Area (EBSA) (EBSAs), Ramsar Convention on Wetlands sites, the migratoryMigratory connectivityConnectivity in the ocean (MiCO) system, and marine spatial planningMarine spatial planning (MSP) including through comprehensive ocean zoningComprehensive Ocean Zoning. There are also spatial and regulatory strategies available such as through the International Maritime Organisation International Maritime Organisation (IMO) (IMO) to re-route shippingShipping and to declare particularly sensitive sea areasParticularly Sensitive Sea Area (PSSA) (PSSAs) or areas to be avoided (ATBAsArea To Be Avoided (ATBA)). Using these spatial tools singly in some cases or in combination, often with clever modifications or incorporating directives such as initiatives to modify fishing gearFishing gear, can form a strategy toward implementing successful marine mammalMarine mammals conservationConservation with substantial benefit to associated biodiversity conservationBiodiversity conservation. MPAs, for example, can be zoned for various uses with high levels of core habitat protectionCore habitat protection as needed. MPAs designed according to biosphere reserveBiosphere reserve principles can have large buffer zonesBuffer zone and dynamic core protection. Also, MPAs—sometimes referred to as marine mammal protected areasMarine Mammal Protected Area (MMPA, IUCN), or MMPAs, when their remit is partly focused on marine mammal populations—can function as part of networksNetworks to protect wide-ranging species or migrators at both ends of their migratoryMigratory path. The effectiveness of MPAs, MSP, and other initiatives depends on the political will to translate conservationConservation science into action by supplying budgets, legislation, and enforcementEnforcement to address threatsThreats to marine mammalsMarine mammals, as well as stimulating education and engagement of the public and all stakeholdersStakeholders—everyone who uses, enjoys, cares about the sea. The evolving human factor is the biggest unknown, yet potentially the most important, for determining the success or failure of efforts to conserve marine mammal habitatsHabitat. It is fundamental to realize that spatial managementSpatial management tools, to be successful, must focus primarily on shaping and managing human behaviorHuman behavior. Will the public, energy companies, manufacturers, builders and government recognize that ocean conservationConservation is an integral part of the drive to reduce global warmingGlobal warming and address the species extinction crisisExtinction crisis? It is up to those of us alive today to determine the fundamental natureNature of the world that species, including our own species, will inhabit in future." @default.
• W4285175450 created "2022-07-14" @default.
• W4285175450 creator A5032327645 @default.
• W4285175450 date "2022-01-01" @default.
• W4285175450 modified "2023-10-18" @default.
• W4285175450 title "Conserving Marine Mammal Spaces and Habitats" @default.
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