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• W4285175872 abstract "For a long time, the eighteenth century has been the black hole of Ottoman studies, regarded as the point when the Empire peaked before continuing its long decline. The decline actually began in the seventeenth century and ended with a complete collapse in World War I. The nineteenth century offered a brief respite due to modernizing reforms, many of which had an urban character thanks to the influence of Istanbul in the late eighteenth century. However, this paradigm has been under rigorous scholarly scrutiny, giving rise to a lively debate about the timing of the Ottoman transition to modernity relative to that of Europe and the Islamic world. Interdisciplinary and comparative studies have been at the heart of the new Ottoman scholarship. This book, which belongs to this revisionist school, offers an intriguing approach by incorporating a sample of a growing scholarship about Ottoman cities into Wishnitzer’s own study of a district in Istanbul and Jerusalem in the early modern period. The title of the book is slightly inaccurate in that the book focuses mostly on criminal activities and nocturnal life in Istanbul during the mid-eighteenth century.Using primarily Islamic court records and Ottoman and European narrative accounts, as well as existing studies of crime in Istanbul, Wishnitzer rightly argues that nightlife in pre-modern cities deserves its own study.1 He also notes the limitation of his sources, though other archival sources, like police and prison records from Istanbul, might have filled this gap. The Islamic courts shut down during the night; the night police (asesbaşı) handled the arrest and punishment of Istanbul’s denizens with the help of a night deputy-judge. A comparison of nighttime policing in Istanbul with that in other cities of the empire would have been helpful. The surveillance of public places must have peaked in those parts of the city with a high rate of crime. How did Üsküdar stand in comparison with crime-ridden Galata and Jerusalem? The cases of crime at night were not necessarily recorded in the Islamic court registers since many convicts did not go to trial during this period. The kalebend prison and zabtiye police registers are rich sources for nighttime criminal activities in Istanbul, but the records of other pre-modern cities can often be patchy.That said, establishing any precise pattern for daytime and nighttime crimes remains challenging, though the general premise of the book is sound. Many crimes—thefts, homicides, assaults, and even sexual offenses—occurred in broad daylight under the cover of crowded and noisy streets. Crime in general, as well as urban upheaval, depended on opportunities often presented in crowded marketplaces or during noon prayers at a mosque. As Wishnitzer notes, the silence of night might have worked against the success of certain crimes, since unimpeded hearing could compensate for the loss of sight. A scream at night could easily attract the attention of neighbors. Moreover, Islamic law’s definition of theft as “forceful entry into public and private places” tended to highlight night crime and thus give it a greater presence in the court registers.City walls and gates kept out criminals as well as plague-ridden individuals and migrants at night. To establish any patterns between day and night, and lend more weight to his thesis, Wishnitzer might have compared the nature of crime in Istanbul before and after the introduction of street lighting into certain parts of the city in the late nineteenth century. In any event, a more systematic comparison between Istanbul, Jerusalem, and other Ottoman cities would have enhanced this study. Nevertheless, Wishnitzer has made an important contribution to the social history of Ottoman cities during the early modern period." @default.
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• W4285175872 date "2022-01-01" @default.
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• W4285175872 title "<i>As Night Falls: Eighteenth-Century Ottoman Cities after Dark</i> by Avner Wishnitzer" @default.
• W4285175872 doi "https://doi.org/10.1162/jinh_r_01830" @default.
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