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• W4285206209 abstract "The emergence of newer technologies has revolutionized the biomedical sciences, which are in fact in the interface of various branches of science and engineering to find out ways to meet the challenges faced by humanity. It is now possible to make precise diagnosis and even detect the stage of diseases by using molecular biomarkers from noninvasive liquid biopsies. This is also facilitated by the use of microRNA (miRNA) profiling, the throughput novel sequencing and the machine-learning approaches, which help in determining marker DNA mutations. Certain nanoparticles such as the analysis of tissues by biophotonics and Raman spectroscopy augment the precision in disease diagnosis. The synthesis of precise and stage specific structure-based and targeted drugs is possible by using in vivo and in vitro models coupled with molecular biology techniques and pharmacogenomics. This has further been facilitated by computational models (bioinformatic tools) for omics (genomic, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomic) approaches. Accurate and better drug targets are provided by small interfering RNAs (SiRNAs), which are capable of sequence specific gene silencing. It is now possible to overcome the treatment resistance by epigenetic and immune cell mechanisms and targeted therapy. The effectiveness of the drug can be detected by using organoid models (3D) of diseased (e.g., cancer) cell cultures from biopsies of primary patients. Genome editing such as CRISPR/Cas systems and RNA interference (RNAi) are playing an important role in the treatment of diseases by editing and regulating genome. Drug binding mechanisms and kinetics are understood by machine-learning algorithms. The absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity as well as failure of drugs can be tracked through high-throughput screening technologies assisted computational methods and artificial intelligence. For this, in vivo models are also used. Drugs before administering to patients are tested in vitro in cell lines and patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). The immune-competent, cell line-derived xenografts (CDXs), PDXs, and genetically engineered mice (GEM) provide models for determining the effect of chemotherapeutic drugs, inhibitors, and immunotherapeutic agents. The impact of physiological variables such as oxygen, pH, and temperature that affect drug response can be determined by 3-D cell line bioreactors. The inhibitors of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT), histone deacetylases (HDACs), and anti-miRNAs can be used to target epigenetic mechanisms in different types of diseases. The epigenetic mechanisms can be modulated by certain dietary photochemicals. Nucleic acid-based therapy depends on the noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). The immune therapy approaches use immune checkpoint inhibitors, T-cell, nonspecific immune therapies and vaccines against different diseases. G protein-coupled receptor targeting is an efficient approach to treat certain diseases. In the case of cancers, the immunopeptidomic approaches involving tumor-associated neo antigens are used for the development of anticancer vaccines and T-cell-based therapies. Emphasis on nutrition traffic to regulate the microenvironment and also differentiation and activation of immune cells is another approach in the management of diseases. It is now evident that during the last couple of years, the biomedical sciences including engineering have tremendously increased the precision in disease detection for appropriate treatment and management." @default.
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• W4285206209 date "2022-01-01" @default.
• W4285206209 modified "2023-10-17" @default.
• W4285206209 title "Introduction to Emerging Technologies in Biomedical Sciences" @default.
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• W4285206209 doi "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4345-3_1" @default.
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