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- W4285280494 endingPage "360" @default.
- W4285280494 startingPage "343" @default.
- W4285280494 abstract "Disorders in gastrointestinal (GI) motility, visceral hypersensitivity, infection, inflammation, and changes in the gut microbiota are important mechanisms in the pathophysiology of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). The concept of the central nervous system (CNS)-GI-gut microbiota axis, by which GI symptoms occur as a result of sensation disorders, includes changes in motility, the combined activation of the autonomic nervous system and CNS, and the effect of gut microbiota. Recently functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) provides the valuable data regarding the mechanisms that controls GI sensation and motility in the CNS. In addition, the areas responsible for emotion or cognition can be visualized by fMRI. In patients with irritable bowel syndrome, GI inflammation caused by the secretion of cytokines with increased intestinal permeability were also found as well as the changes in brain function, and they showed sex/gender differences. One of the reasons why females are more vulnerable to stress responses than males is that females are more sensitive to the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system, which increases sensitivity to corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and stress. When the blood CRF levels increase due to stress, the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the norepinephrine arousal system, including adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol and corticosterone), are activated, as well as various immune cells such as mast cells. In addition, changes of microbiota and their products were found to be closely related with this gut-brain axis. In this chapter, gut-microbiome-brain axis is briefly reviewed in terms of sex/gender differences." @default.
- W4285280494 created "2022-07-14" @default.
- W4285280494 creator A5019256390 @default.
- W4285280494 date "2022-01-01" @default.
- W4285280494 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
- W4285280494 title "Gut-Microbiome-Brain Axis" @default.
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