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• W4285287798 endingPage "82" @default.
• W4285287798 startingPage "45" @default.
• W4285287798 abstract "Nanoparticles or ultrafine particles are the particles with the diameter ranging from 1 to 100 nanometres (nm), and possess distinctly different physicochemical properties, for example, colloidal properties, compared to that of microparticles or coarse particles. In recent years, nanoparticles have found their applications in medicine, particularly in drug delivery. As nanoparticles penetrate cells more efficiently than larger microparticles, they can be used as effective transport and delivery systems, for example, for medicinal purposes, drugs can either be integrated into the matrix of the particle or attached to the particle surface. Because of the small particle size, nanoparticles increase solubility and stability of drug molecules, facilitate absorption of drugs, increase permeation and retention of drugs in target tissues, improve bioavailability, protect them from premature degradation in the body, exhibit high differential uptake efficiency in the target cells over normal cells and prolong their circulation time. Nanoparticles can be prepared in different shapes, sizes, compositions, and functionalized, and modified physicochemically to achieve specific properties depending on the characteristics of both the drug molecule and the targeted organ. However, before considering specific applications of nanoparticles, it is essential to properly characterize nanoparticles. As nanoparticles, in most cases, are considerably smaller than the wavelengths of visible lights (400–700 nm), they cannot be observed under optical microscopes, and thus, electron microscopes, e.g., Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) or Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), are needed for characterization of nanoparticles, especially their shapes and sizes. Apart from electron microscopic methods, several other methods, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray absorption (XAS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, are now routinely used. This chapter presents a succinct overview of various methods available today for the characterization of nanoparticles." @default.
• W4285287798 created "2022-07-14" @default.
• W4285287798 creator A5012769245 @default.
• W4285287798 creator A5027734227 @default.
• W4285287798 date "2022-01-01" @default.
• W4285287798 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W4285287798 title "Characterization of nanoparticles" @default.
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