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• W4285484889 abstract "Reviewed by: The INS on the Line: Making Immigration Law on the US-Mexico Border, 1917–1954 by S. Deborah Kang John Bradley The INS on the Line: Making Immigration Law on the US-Mexico Border, 1917–1954 by S. Deborah Kang Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2017. 282 pp. ISBN 978-0-19-975743-5 In The INS on the Line: Making Immigration Law on the US-Mexico Border 1917–1954, S. Deborah Kang presents a detailed bureaucratic history that depicts the Immigration and Naturalization Service in seemingly contradictory terms: it is both a powerful law-enforcing and law-making agency (subject both to DC overseers and local business leaders in the borderland), policing a wide area far from the border for immigration violators, and a meek bureaucracy responsible for keeping the US–Mexico border permeable. Throughout the work, Kang highlights these apparent contradictions as she shows the operation and innovation of the INS as it responded to disparate pressures from Washington lawmakers, employers of migrant laborers, nativists, labor unions, and the Mexican state, among other entities. Kang's book tracks the development of the Immigration and Naturalization Service through the first half of the twentieth century. Kang's account shows how the INS—in their effort to enforce the border, as well as their effort to appease multiple sources of pressure, and to pursue their own agenda—fabricated the reality of the US–Mexico border through innovative regulatory practices and, in doing so, functioned as a law-making entity. Kang demonstrates this through a narrative account that begins during World War I, when the demand for labor from agricultural employers in the borderland pressured the INS to relax border enforcement on a local scale, leading to what Kang quotes a Bureau of Immigration official as calling a sectional immigration policy (2). This culminated in the 1950s with Operation Wetback, the INS's military-style campaign to control illicit immigration from Mexico to the United States, which Kang links to the INS's history of failed attempts to do the same through other means (140). Chapter 1, A Sectional Immigration Policy, examines the policy innovations of institutional predecessors of the INS during the World War I era, which led to different border regions functioning differently under distinct pressures from local communities. It shows how these agencies engineered various discretionary policies that allowed them to enforce strict wartime border law in some cases, while relaxing the enforcement of those laws for borderland residents, and in particular for Mexican agricultural and industrial migrant laborers working in the United States, whose labor was key to US economic expansion in the Southwest at the time. Chapter 2, The Battle for the Border, traces the conflicting efforts to define and redefine the border. This conflict is framed as being between, on the one hand, borderland residents who—motivated by their transnational economic dependency, despite nativism—wanted to keep the border open, and the area near the border free from border enforcement, and on the other, the newly founded border patrol, which was seeking to expand the border into a broad legal jurisdiction extending far from the actual international boundary. Kang argues that this latter expansive definition of the border was only one of several overlapping visions in the 1920s, but that the Border Patrol would in fact eventually greatly expand its jurisdiction and authority by lobbying for new legislation and broadly interpreting the powers given by legislation that existed. Chapter 3, Repatriation and Reform, chronicles how efforts to reform immigration policy in the 1930s were ultimately dominated by currents originating within the INS's bureaucracy. In the context of mass deportations to Mexico by state and local authorities—which Kang attributes to the INS's passive approach to deportation (70)—the INS is shown to have both resisted reform efforts originating in Washington, and to have made its own reforms that proved incomplete and fleeting (86). Chapter 4, Agency in Crisis, demonstrates the difficulties faced by the INS in the 1940s as it helped regulate the Bracero Program and struggled to meet competing demands. Southwest Agribusiness pressured the INS to allow braceros easy entrance to the United..." @default.
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• W4285484889 date "2021-03-01" @default.
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• W4285484889 title "The INS on the Line: Making Immigration Law on the US-Mexico Border, 1917–1954 by S. Deborah Kang" @default.
• W4285484889 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/dlg.2022.0019" @default.
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