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• W4286809327 abstract "Reviewed by: Becoming American in Creole New Orleans, 1896–1949 by Darryl Barthé Jr Mark A. Johnson Becoming American in Creole New Orleans, 1896–1949. By Darryl Barthé Jr. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2021. Pp. xii, 217. $45.00, ISBN 978-0-8071-7547-7.) Louisiana, especially New Orleans, always provides fascinating case studies for scholars. Darryl Barthé Jr. contributes to the scholarly understanding of race and ethnicity with this new book about Creoles and their assimilation. In Louisiana, Creoles occupied a third category, either by custom or by law, between white and Black. Barthé effectively synthesizes the vast literature concerning the collision of cultures in Louisiana. Under French rule, Africans, Amerindians, Europeans, Afro-Amerindians, Euro-Amerindians, Afro-Europeans, and Afro-Euro-Amerindians settled in Louisiana and mixed their religions, languages, cuisines, and more (pp. 9–10). A large free Black population emerged, too. With the acquisition of Louisiana, the United States brought racial binaries, which complicated centuries-old local racial customs. [End Page 581] The Creole population, both passé blanc and gens de couleurs libres, dealt with the new racial system in different ways. Those able to pass as white scrubbed their African ancestry from their past and embraced ideas about racial purity. For Afro-Creoles, there were significant barriers to solidarity with enslaved people as they tried to maintain their status (p. 20). Although the two groups found common ground from time to time, in the 1880s segregation presented new challenges, as Afro-Creoles insisted on withdrawing and separating themselves from African Americans, socially (p. 35). Barthé picks up the story here. Afro-Creoles resisted assimilation. They could not usually pass as white, but they wanted to distinguish themselves from African Americans by avoiding them or institutionally excluding them whenever possible. Barthé uses archival collections of civic and fraternal organizations in New Orleans. Creoles maintained their community boundaries and refused African Americans entry into organizations such as the Société des Jeunes Amis. In the twentieth century, urbanization, industrialization, unionization, migration, wartime mobilization, and public education brought Creoles out of their insularity. Whereas Creoles had previously leveraged their skilled labor to distinguish themselves from freed people, industrialization weakened the power of skilled Creole tradesmen. In labor unions, Creoles allied with all sorts of people. Barthé argues that labor unions thrust clannish and insular Creoles into a larger, American, political movement (p. 95). Creoles pursued English-only education in Black public schools, where Creoles learned alongside African Americans and started to reconsider their ancestors' colorism and bigotry. Creole parents harbored reservations about sending their children to these schools to sit with African American children and learn from African American teachers. In these schools, young students lost their linguistic distinctiveness and were indoctrinated in the language and customs of American racial propriety and caste (p. 147). They learned how to become American and African American. While welcomely brief, this book needed at least a bit more contextualization in the introduction, which runs only five pages. While Barthé briefly references scholarship on the working class and race relations, he has not tangled with these fields quite enough. By doing so, the author could have made the book's broader implications more apparent. Barthé has much to offer scholars interested in how groups previously perceived as nonwhite, such as eastern and southern Europeans, assimilated and were assimilated as Americans. Like these groups, Creoles spoke their own languages and lived in neighborhood enclaves, which made them suspicious. Like immigrant groups, Creoles had bigoted views toward African Americans with whom they competed for status and employment. Unlike these immigrant groups, Afro-Creoles usually did not become seen as white, despite their attempts, and they eventually embraced an identity as African American by the time of the civil rights movement. Barthé has produced a useful and concise book that deserves wide attention. Louisiana State University Press deserves praise for the design because this book has appealing typography and white space that make it easy to read. Barthé deserves praise for pacing and complex storytelling. [End Page 582] Mark A. Johnson University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Copyright © 2022 The Southern Historical Association" @default.
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• W4286809327 date "2022-08-01" @default.
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• W4286809327 title "Becoming American in Creole New Orleans, 1896–1949 by Darryl Barthé Jr" @default.
• W4286809327 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/soh.2022.0148" @default.
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