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- W4288364059 abstract "Blandford & Znajek (1977) suggested that ``physical observers traveling around the hole with the `frame-dragging-angular-velocity' $omega$ will see the electric field reverse direction on the surface $omega=Omega_{rm F}$. Inside emph{this surface} they see a Poynting flux of energy going toward the hole. Based on thermodynamics, frame-dragging, and unipolar-induction, we show that, when $0<Omega_{rm F}<Omega_{rm H}$, i.e., when the hole is losing energy electromagnetically, emph{this surface} (S$_{rm N}$) always exists, where $Omega_{rm F}$ and $Omega_{rm H}$ are the field-lines' and the hole's angular velocities, respectively. The `inner domain' inside S$_{rm N}$ counter-rotates against the `outer domain,' and the Poynting flux $vcSEM$ reverses direction from outward to inward on S$_{rm N}$, which means that the force-free and freezing-in conditions `break down' on emph{this surface}, severing current- and stream-lines when the magnetic field-lines thread S$_{rm N}$. Therefore, emph{this surface} is the `magneto-centrifugal divider' of the force-free magnetosphere into the two domains. Furthermore, we argue that a pair of surface batteries with each EMF oppositely-directed are existent on both sides of S$_{rm N}$. The voltage drop between the two EMFs proportional to $Omega_{rm H}$ will result in a steady particle source on S$_{rm N}$, widening S$_{rm N}$ to a `zero-angular-momentum' gap circulating the hole with $omega_{rm N}=Omega_{rm F}$. In this `frame-dragged' magnetosphere, the emph{in}going flux of emph{negative} angular momentum in the counter-rotating inner domain couples with the `gravito-electric-potential gradient' $omega$, to yield the outward flux of spin-down energy $mbox{boldmath $S$}_{rm SD}$ `extracted' from the hole. The overall energy flux is always outward, except vanishing on S$_{rm N}$." @default.
- W4288364059 created "2022-07-29" @default.
- W4288364059 creator A5010139736 @default.
- W4288364059 creator A5019694045 @default.
- W4288364059 date "2019-04-28" @default.
- W4288364059 modified "2023-10-17" @default.
- W4288364059 title "Electromagnetic extraction of energy from Kerr black holes: revisited" @default.
- W4288364059 doi "https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1904.11978" @default.
- W4288364059 hasPublicationYear "2019" @default.
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