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• W4289866330 abstract "Child brides and forced marriages, involving the population aged <18 years, occur across continents, cultures, and religions. Globally, 1 in 5 girls marry before the age of 18, and one-third are under 15 years old. Every day worldwide, 39 000 girls marry before reaching the age of majority, and 12 million girls marry before that age each year.1European Union Parliamentary AssemblyForced marriage in Europe.https://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=25016&lang=enDate accessed: July 24, 2022Google Scholar Child brides and forced child marriages have devastating effects on emotional and social development.2Shahinian G. United Nations Digital LibraryReport of the special rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, including its causes and consequences.https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/695923?ln=enDate: 2010Date accessed: July 19, 2022Google Scholar In most cases, girls are deprived of their rights, including education, family life, play, and recreation and are forced to assume adult responsibilities, including forced pregnancy. Childhood denied, along with the severe physical or emotional damage caused by child brides and forced marriages, can have long-term consequences for health, life opportunities, and well-being, endangering their lives, the lives of their children, and the future of their community. Child and forced marriages can be considered a serious form of child abuse and neglect, exposing girls to various forms of physical violence with severe long-term effects. The Working Group on Social Pediatrics of the European Association of Pediatrics, the Union of European National Pediatric Societies and Associations, and the Board of Directors of the Turkish Pediatric Association are working jointly to develop recommendations to counteract child brides and forced marriages and their physical, psychological, and social impacts. The purpose of this commentary is to raise awareness among pediatricians and health professionals3Ferrara P. Corsello G. Quattrocchi E. Dell'Aquila L. Ehrich J. Giardino I. et al.Caring for infants and children following alternative dietary patterns.J Pediatr. 2017; 187: 339-340.e1Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (26) Google Scholar about this issue and its possible lifelong risks. The authors point out that pediatricians can be influential advocates and play an important role in programs established to monitor and prevent the negative personal and social impacts caused by these practices. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, established in 1990 and ratified by 191 of the 193 member states, defines a child as any human being aged <18 years, unless the law in a particular country provides for the child to attain the age of majority earlier.4United NationsConvention on the Rights of the Child. Resolution 44/25. November 20.https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-rightschildDate: 1989Date accessed: July 23, 2022Google Scholar Therefore, the widely accepted definition of child marriage is any formal marriage or informal union between a child aged <18 and an adult or with another child.5UNICEFChild marriage.https://www.unicef.org/protection/child-marriageDate accessed: July 26, 2022Google Scholar,6World Health OrganizationChild marriages—39 000 every day: more than 140 million girls will marry between 2011 and 2020.https://www.who.int/news/item/07-03-2013-child-marriages-39-000-every-day-more-than-140-million-girls-will-marry-between-2011-and-2020Date accessed: July 26, 2022Google Scholar Establishing a minimum age for marriage can legally protect children from abuse, harm, violence and exploitation. Child marriage is considered a form of forced marriage that includes forced brides of any age.7United Nations, Office of the High Commissioner of Human RightsChild and forced marriage, including in humanitarian settings.https://www.ohchr.org/en/women/child-and-forced-marriage-including-humanitarian settingsDate accessed: July 26, 2022Google Scholar Parties who have not personally expressed their full and free consent to the union are vulnerable to domestic violence, sexual abuse, dangerous living conditions, and infectious diseases, including HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases.7United Nations, Office of the High Commissioner of Human RightsChild and forced marriage, including in humanitarian settings.https://www.ohchr.org/en/women/child-and-forced-marriage-including-humanitarian settingsDate accessed: July 26, 2022Google Scholar,8Ercan O. Tarcin G. Overview on endocrine disruptors in food and their effects on infant's health.Global Pediatr. 2022; 2: 100019Crossref Google Scholar Child marriage is a complex practice rooted in cultural beliefs and customs, linked to various other structural factors and social determinants that characterize many different countries, including their national legal systems. Since 1948, many international agencies, including the United Nations, have sought to end this culturally archaic practice. As stated in Article 9 of the European Union (EU) Charter of Fundamental Rights, each member state is responsible for legislating the right to marriage and its possible limitations. Article 12 of the European Convention on Human Rights and Article 16 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights guarantee the right to marry only to those considered “of marriageable age,” according to different national laws, while also recommending that the minimum age be set at 18 for both girls and boys, and state that any country that allows any form of child marriage is committing a violation of human rights. Although laying the groundwork for a viable solution to this cultural problem, simply changing the laws in countries that are not aligned with the widely accepted standard age of 18—established by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child to legally identify a child as such—will not end child marriage. It is important to ensure that legislative changes are widely communicated to the population and effectively implemented. In Indonesia, for example, the local parliament has committed to eliminating the practice by 2030, in line with the Sustainable Development Goals. In 2019, the parliament raised the minimum legal age of marriage for girls by 3 years to 19, followed by education and implementation programs. Previously, Indonesian girls could marry as young as 16 and men as young as 19. Commitments need to be followed by concrete action, as evidenced by the situation in Indonesia, where the rate of child marriage has begun to decline (albeit slowly at first), by 3.5% from the 14.6% recorded in 2008 to 11.2% in 2018.9UNICEF. Badan Pusat StatistikPrevention of child marriage: acceleration that cannot wait.https://www.unicef.org/indonesia/sites/unicef.org.indonesia/files/2020-06/Prevention-of-Child-Marriage-Report-2020.pdfDate accessed: July 24, 2022Google Scholar However, in many countries there are legal exceptions where parents can ask religious courts or local officials to allow the marriage of girls age <16. South Asia has the highest rates of child marriage in the world, with nearly one-half (45%) of all women between age 20 and 24 marrying before age 18. Nearly 1 in 5 girls are married before age 15.10UNICEF. South AsiaChild marriage.https://www.unicef.org/rosa/what-we-do/child-protection/child-marriageDate accessed: July 24, 2022Google Scholar Underlying this practice are profound differences in legal systems and sociocultural and structural factors.10UNICEF. South AsiaChild marriage.https://www.unicef.org/rosa/what-we-do/child-protection/child-marriageDate accessed: July 24, 2022Google Scholar Although child marriage is particularly prevalent in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, it also occurs throughout Europe as a practice “hidden in plain sight” because national legal systems are insufficient to fully protect children. All European countries are affected by the harmful practices of child marriage and forced marriage, whether forced marriages performed in Europe, forced marriages of European citizens or residents performed elsewhere, or forced marriage of people before arriving in Europe. Several EU member states still allow child marriage. Although some countries, such as The Netherlands, Germany, and Sweden, have declared child marriage illegal, others, such as Austria, Belgium, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom, have laws that allow children under age 18 to marry under certain circumstances, with parental consent11Barr H. Human Rights WatchEuropean Parliament committee urges end to child marriage.https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/04/16/european-parliament-committee-urges-end-child-marriageDate accessed: July 24, 2022Google Scholar (Table I; available at www.jpeds.com). Comparable statistics are scarce12European CommissionAnalytical report—MATRIFOR. Forced marriage in Italy: a qualitative research.http://www.leonde.org/matrifor/progetto/3.pdfDate accessed: July 24, 2022Google Scholar; however, reports from various EU states show that child marriage is a phenomenon that occurs in all states, albeit at different rates. For example, 813 child marriages were reported in Germany from 2017 to 2020.13Zdechovský T. European Union parliamentary question. Combating child marriage in Germany.https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-9-2020- 005357_EN.htmlDate accessed: July 24, 2022Google Scholar A high risk of early and forced marriage is reported for Roma girls and women in Italy, 64% of whom marry before age 18 and 30% before age 16, and in immigrant communities, an average of 17.7% marry by age 15 and 50.8% marry by age 18.12European CommissionAnalytical report—MATRIFOR. Forced marriage in Italy: a qualitative research.http://www.leonde.org/matrifor/progetto/3.pdfDate accessed: July 24, 2022Google Scholar These human rights violations affect mainly women and girls and in a small percentage, minor boys. Each year hundreds of British girls are “given in marriage” as children because British law does not adequately protect them.14United Kingdom Foreign, Commonwealth and Development OfficeForced marriage unit statistics 2020.https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/forced-marriage-unit-statistics-2020/forced-marriage-unit-statistics-2020Date accessed: July 24, 2022Google Scholar The 759 cases reported in the United Kingdom in 2020 represent a 44% decrease from the average number of cases (1359) reported annually between 2011 and 2019.14United Kingdom Foreign, Commonwealth and Development OfficeForced marriage unit statistics 2020.https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/forced-marriage-unit-statistics-2020/forced-marriage-unit-statistics-2020Date accessed: July 24, 2022Google Scholar,15Oppenheim M. Independent. Hundreds of British girls “married off as children each year.”.https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/child-marriage-british-girls-b1812608.htmlDate accessed: July 24, 2022Google Scholar The EU Committee on Equality and Non-Discrimination is currently working to equalize the minimum legal age of marriage across all EU states.1European Union Parliamentary AssemblyForced marriage in Europe.https://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=25016&lang=enDate accessed: July 24, 2022Google Scholar In the United States, although the average age at the time of first marriage has increased year by year, underage marriage remains a problem. A 2021 study reported by the University of Cincinnati Law Review showed that approximately 300 000 minors were legally married between 2000 and 2018.16Wharton B. University of Cincinnati Law ReviewWhy has the United States not banned child marriage?.https://uclawreview.org/2022/01/10/why-has-the-united-states-not-banned-child-marriage/Date accessed: July 24, 2022Google Scholar As of January 2022, there is no minimum legal age for child marriage in 9 states, if all exemptions are considered, and only 6 US states prohibit child marriage without exception. This means that child marriage is technically legal in 44 states in the Union.16Wharton B. University of Cincinnati Law ReviewWhy has the United States not banned child marriage?.https://uclawreview.org/2022/01/10/why-has-the-united-states-not-banned-child-marriage/Date accessed: July 24, 2022Google Scholar,17Tahirih Justice CenterThe national movement to end child marriage.https://www.tahirih.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/August-2021-State-Statutory-Compilation-1.pdfDate accessed: July 24, 2022Google Scholar Currently, more than 700 million women are married before they turn 18, and 1 in 3 are married before age 15.18McFarlane J. Nava A. Gilroy H. Maddoux J. Child brides, forced marriage, and partner violence in America: tip of an iceberg revealed.Obstet Gynecol. 2016; 127: 706-713Crossref PubMed Scopus (24) Google Scholar,19United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)Child marriage - frequently asked questions.https://www.unfpa.org/child-marriage-frequently-asked-questionsDate: February 2022Date accessed: July 24, 2022Google Scholar Predisposing factors include gender inequality, poverty, cultural traditions, insufficient legal norms, and social insecurity. Child and forced marriage violate the child's most intimate sphere, causing severe physical and psychological harm and, like child abuse and neglect in US and EU legislation, can be described as the result of an act or omission that causes severe physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse, or exploitation.20United States Code, 2010 edition, Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, Chapter 67: Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment and Adoption Reform.https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2010-title42/html/USCODE-2010-title42-chap67.htmDate accessed: July 26, 2022Google Scholar, 21Council of the European UnionCouncil conclusions on combating the sexual abuse of children.https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-12862-2019-INIT/en/pdfDate: October 2019Date accessed: July 26, 2022Google Scholar, 22D'Apolito M. Colia A.L. Lasalvia M. Capozzi V. Falcone M.P. Pettoello-Mantovani M. et al.Urea-induced ROS accelerate senescence in endothelial progenitor cells.Atherosclerosis. 2017; 263: 127-136Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (19) Google Scholar Girls forced to marry against their will often end up being condemned to a life of servility and abuse. Nontraditional, religious, cultural, economic, and possibly security considerations may justify a practice that can be considered in many ways a form of slavery. Child brides and forced marriages are complex and persistent phenomena associated with profound global cultural, religious, and economic contexts. Variables, such as the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, can increase their impact on society. UNICEF reports show that the socioeconomic consequences of COVID-19 are pushing many families into poverty, increasing the risk of children being forced into labor and early marriage.23UNICEF10 million additional girls at risk of child marriage due to COVID-19.https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/10-million-additional-girls-risk-child-marriage-due-covid-19Date accessed: July 24, 2022Google Scholar,24Somekh I. Somech R. Pettoello-Mantovani M. Somekh E. Changes in routine pediatric practice in light of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19).J Pediatr. 2020; 224: 190-193Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (25) Google Scholar Statistics estimate that 10 million more girls are at risk of child marriage due to pandemics like COVID-19.23UNICEF10 million additional girls at risk of child marriage due to COVID-19.https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/10-million-additional-girls-risk-child-marriage-due-covid-19Date accessed: July 24, 2022Google Scholar" @default.
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