FRINK Linked Data Fragments server

Matches in SemOpenAlex for { <https://semopenalex.org/work/W4291291298> ?p ?o ?g. }

• W4291291298 endingPage "S165" @default.
• W4291291298 startingPage "S165" @default.
• W4291291298 abstract "To respond to Labay and Logan's call for a scientific consensus regarding retrograde extrapolations in alcohol DUI cases by describing the existing practices in England and Wales and outlining changes that need to be made. Retrograde extrapolations, known as back calculations in England and Wales, are widely used in toxicology to estimate the blood alcohol concentration of an individual at some prior time. In 2018, Labay and Logan (Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2018, Vol 63. No 5, 1602–1603) published a call for a scientific consensus regarding back calculations. In the UK guidelines have been issued by the United Kingdom and Ireland Association of Forensic Toxicologists (UKIAFT, 2021, Guidelines for Alcohol Calculations, Version 4.3), while in the US, the Organization of Scientific Area Committees (OSAC) for Forensic Science have issued draft guidelines (2020, Guidelines for Performing Alcohol Calculations in Forensic Toxicology). However, these guidelines are not fully agreed and open for interpretation. Alcohol elimination rates have been discussed in many publications since Widmark's original data were published. The current guidance from UKIAFT, is to report the most likely back calculated result together with a range of results based on the 95% confidence limit elimination rates from Jones's 1996 study of drinking drivers (Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1996, Vol 41, No 5, 922–926). That range of elimination rates being from 9 to 29 mg/100 mL/hour (0.009 to 0.029 g/dL/hour). There is an acceptance of this 95% confidence interval for the reported final result by practitioners. The Divisional Court, upheld by the House of Lords, however ruled that in order to convict someone for being over the prescribed limit on the basis of any back calculation, the case must be proven beyond reasonable doubt. While the 95% confidence interval covers a large portion of the population, 1 in 20 individuals may fall outside the reported values. It is clearly not sufficient to prove a defendant's guilt so clearly that it must be accepted as fact, a common requirement of UK law. A confidence interval increased to 3 standard deviations or 99.73% would provide a greater factual basis for the court and cover a much larger proportion of the population. There is a reluctance within the forensic community to use this larger range as it often renders the calculation ineffective. However, that is simply a consequence of the considerable population variation. Retrograde extrapolations also rely on the subject being post absorptive at the prior time. In the UK, it is considered safe to back calculate if the subject has not eaten or consumed alcohol in the hour prior to the back calculation time. Where the subject has eaten recently prior to the back calculation time, experts are instructed to consider whether the back calculation is valid. In Germany back calculations are not permitted to a time within 2 hours after last drink consumed. The 2 hour limit would better meet the highest standard of ‘beyond reasonable doubt’ burden of proof, and should be used. There is a lot of debate around certain elements of the back calculations and experts have the freedom to interpret variables differently to an extent. Based on the review of many publications the have proposed modifications to the current practice in forensic casework to provide a more robust uncertainty and confidence interval. This will ensure consistency in the testimony given by different experts to the court and provide greater clarity for judges and juries in the assessment of scientific concepts and evidence." @default.
• W4291291298 created "2022-08-14" @default.
• W4291291298 creator A5022484039 @default.
• W4291291298 creator A5076076824 @default.
• W4291291298 creator A5078275883 @default.
• W4291291298 date "2022-09-01" @default.
• W4291291298 modified "2023-10-05" @default.
• W4291291298 title "Back to the future: Retrograde alcohol calculations an uncertain science" @default.
• W4291291298 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxac.2022.06.283" @default.
• W4291291298 hasPublicationYear "2022" @default.
• W4291291298 type Work @default.
• W4291291298 citedByCount "0" @default.
• W4291291298 crossrefType "journal-article" @default.
• W4291291298 hasAuthorship W4291291298A5022484039 @default.
• W4291291298 hasAuthorship W4291291298A5076076824 @default.
• W4291291298 hasAuthorship W4291291298A5078275883 @default.
• W4291291298 hasBestOaLocation W42912912981 @default.
• W4291291298 hasConcept C126322002 @default.
• W4291291298 hasConcept C15744967 @default.
• W4291291298 hasConcept C158342456 @default.
• W4291291298 hasConcept C185592680 @default.
• W4291291298 hasConcept C190385971 @default.
• W4291291298 hasConcept C2994312012 @default.
• W4291291298 hasConcept C3017944768 @default.
• W4291291298 hasConcept C43617362 @default.
• W4291291298 hasConcept C44249647 @default.
• W4291291298 hasConcept C545542383 @default.
• W4291291298 hasConcept C71924100 @default.
• W4291291298 hasConceptScore W4291291298C126322002 @default.
• W4291291298 hasConceptScore W4291291298C15744967 @default.
• W4291291298 hasConceptScore W4291291298C158342456 @default.
• W4291291298 hasConceptScore W4291291298C185592680 @default.
• W4291291298 hasConceptScore W4291291298C190385971 @default.
• W4291291298 hasConceptScore W4291291298C2994312012 @default.
• W4291291298 hasConceptScore W4291291298C3017944768 @default.
• W4291291298 hasConceptScore W4291291298C43617362 @default.
• W4291291298 hasConceptScore W4291291298C44249647 @default.
• W4291291298 hasConceptScore W4291291298C545542383 @default.
• W4291291298 hasConceptScore W4291291298C71924100 @default.
• W4291291298 hasIssue "3" @default.
• W4291291298 hasLocation W42912912981 @default.
• W4291291298 hasOpenAccess W4291291298 @default.
• W4291291298 hasPrimaryLocation W42912912981 @default.
• W4291291298 hasRelatedWork W1996996169 @default.
• W4291291298 hasRelatedWork W2036172583 @default.
• W4291291298 hasRelatedWork W2259681679 @default.
• W4291291298 hasRelatedWork W2334195173 @default.
• W4291291298 hasRelatedWork W2435535036 @default.
• W4291291298 hasRelatedWork W2748952813 @default.
• W4291291298 hasRelatedWork W2899084033 @default.
• W4291291298 hasRelatedWork W2922141823 @default.
• W4291291298 hasRelatedWork W3034489774 @default.
• W4291291298 hasRelatedWork W579381500 @default.
• W4291291298 hasVolume "34" @default.
• W4291291298 isParatext "false" @default.
• W4291291298 isRetracted "false" @default.
• W4291291298 workType "article" @default.