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- W4301401064 abstract "Cyanobacteria thrive near the surface of their aquatic environment, where a rich mixture of carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight produces the optimal conditions for photosynthesis. These microorganisms regulate their buoyancy by producing rigid, cylindrical gas vesicles (GVs), granting them mobility in the water column ( 1 Walsby A.E. Gas vesicles. Microbiol. Rev. 1994; 58: 94-144 Crossref PubMed Google Scholar ). Like any pressure vessel, there is a threshold pressure difference between the internal and surrounding media, beyond which the GVs will break. Naturally, the proteinaceous structures found in cyanobacteria and several archaea have evolved to endure the hydrostatic pressure of their environment ( 1 Walsby A.E. Gas vesicles. Microbiol. Rev. 1994; 58: 94-144 Crossref PubMed Google Scholar ). The exceptional stability of GVs is partly attributed to beta-sheet structures formed by the self-assembly of GV subunits. This results in a highly ordered protein shell that exhibits Young’s moduli comparable to glassy polymers (a few GPas). When the threshold or critical pressure is surpassed and the vesicles rupture, they disappear under a light microscope. This dramatic change in optical properties due to rupture was the first example of GV use as a signaling agent, operating as a pressure gauge in this case. Further characterization of GV geometry and composition as well as the invention of high-resolution optical and acoustic imaging tools like electron microscopy, NMR, and ultrasound imaging has expanded the possible use cases for GVs as sensors and reporters. Although assembly of the gas-permeable membrane is a complex process requiring a cluster of 14 genes, the vesicle membrane itself is constructed from just two proteins. The alpha-helical hydrophilic protein GvpC forms rod-like reinforcements over the smaller, beta-sheet-forming hydrophobic protein GvpA, generating a membrane that promotes gas transport, inhibits water permeation, and is mechanically robust despite being roughly a couple of nanometers thick. Accurate measurement of GV dimensions is critical for predicting rupture pressure and signal calibration. The size distributions of GVs from some of the most commonly studied species have been approximated using multiple techniques, but most recently, Dutka et al. demonstrated that cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) preserves morphology better for dimensional characterization than other forms of electron microscopy ( 2 Dutka P. Malounda D. Shapiro M.G. et al. Measuring gas vesicle dimensions by electron microscopy. Protein Sci. 2021; 30: 1081-1086 Crossref PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar ). The exceptional structural details of GVs revealed by cryo-EM paves the way for further understanding of the role of geometry on the physics of these systems, for instance by molecular dynamics simulations and other structural analysis methods." @default.
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- W4301401064 date "2022-11-01" @default.
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- W4301401064 title "Bacterial flotation devices enhance ultrasound imaging" @default.
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- W4301401064 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2022.10.004" @default.
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