FRINK Linked Data Fragments server

Matches in SemOpenAlex for { <https://semopenalex.org/work/W4304123863> ?p ?o ?g. }

• W4304123863 endingPage "226.e1" @default.
• W4304123863 startingPage "225" @default.
• W4304123863 abstract "After WHO declared pandemic status and implemented restrictive measures to counter the spread of SARS-CoV-2, there was a reduction in major pediatric diseases caused by common seasonal viruses 1)Somekh I. Somech R. Pettoello-Mantovani M. Somekh E. Changes in Routine Pediatric Practice in Light of Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19).The Journal of Pediatrics. 2020; 224: 190-193Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (24) Google Scholar,2)Cohen R. Pettoello-Mantovani M. Somekh E. Levy C. European Pediatric Societies Call for an Implementation of Regular Vaccination Programs to Contrast the Immunity Debt Associated to Coronavirus Disease-2019 Pandemic in Children.The Journal of Pediatrics. 2021; 242 (e3): 260-261Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (5) Google Scholar. the typical increase in pediatric outpatient visits and workload in emergency rooms and hospital wards that characterizes the winter season, usually dominated by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza viruses, were not seen. diseases such as bronchiolitis, asthma, and gastroenteritis, the protagonists of pediatric age, had drastically reduced or disappeared.This commentary, prepared by the Social Pediatrics Working Group of the European Association of Pediatrics, Union of National Pediatric Societies and Associations (EPA-UNEPSA), briefly discusses the impact of preventive measures, established in various countries to contain the Covid-19 pandemic, on the seasonal epidemiology of various pediatric infectious diseases. The purpose of the article is to raise awareness of this anthropogenic epidemiological phenomenon and to emphasize the importance of being adequately trained to properly address this new challenge in their practice.Changes in the seasonal pattern of pediatric infectious diseases caused by Covid-19 preventive measuresPreventive measures taken to contain the Covid-19 pandemic have changed the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection and also the predictable seasonal pattern of many endemic viral diseases in children2)Cohen R. Pettoello-Mantovani M. Somekh E. Levy C. European Pediatric Societies Call for an Implementation of Regular Vaccination Programs to Contrast the Immunity Debt Associated to Coronavirus Disease-2019 Pandemic in Children.The Journal of Pediatrics. 2021; 242 (e3): 260-261Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (5) Google Scholar. Preventive measures have included the use of universal masks, school closures, travel restrictions, bans on mass gatherings, and other public health and physical removal measures to control COVID-19. Before 2020, outside tropical areas, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and nonpandemic influenza viruses had their peak epidemic in winter in the northern and southern hemispheres. In temperate climates, enteroviruses circulated from summer to fall, according to established cyclical and epidemiological patterns3)Pons-Salort M. Oberste S. Pallansch M. Abedi G.R. Takahashi S. Grenfell B.T. et al.The seasonality of nonpolio enteroviruses in the United States: Patterns and drivers.PNAS. 2018; 115: 3078-3083Crossref PubMed Scopus (54) Google Scholar. The Covid-19 pandemic altered these patterns, and in many regions of the world, the usual circulation of these viruses was absent for more than a year only to reoccur unexpectedly2)Cohen R. Pettoello-Mantovani M. Somekh E. Levy C. European Pediatric Societies Call for an Implementation of Regular Vaccination Programs to Contrast the Immunity Debt Associated to Coronavirus Disease-2019 Pandemic in Children.The Journal of Pediatrics. 2021; 242 (e3): 260-261Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (5) Google Scholar. An unprecedented low incidence of respiratory viral infections4)Weinberger Opek M. Yeshayahu Y. Glatman-Freedman A. Kaufman Z. Sorek N. Brosh-Nissimov T. Delayed respiratory syncytial virus epidemic in children after relaxation of COVID-19 physical distancing measures, Ashdod, Israel, 2021.Euro Surveill. 2021 Jul; 262100706Crossref PubMed Scopus (37) Google Scholar,5)Van Brusselen D. De Troeyer K. Ter Haar E. Vander Auwera A. Poschet K. Van Nuijs S. et al.Bronchiolitis in COVID-19 times: a nearly absent disease?.Eur J Pediatr. 2021; 180: 1969-1973Crossref PubMed Scopus (64) Google Scholar was recorded in 2020. Notably, there was no typical winter increase in RSV-related pediatric hospitalizations4)Weinberger Opek M. Yeshayahu Y. Glatman-Freedman A. Kaufman Z. Sorek N. Brosh-Nissimov T. Delayed respiratory syncytial virus epidemic in children after relaxation of COVID-19 physical distancing measures, Ashdod, Israel, 2021.Euro Surveill. 2021 Jul; 262100706Crossref PubMed Scopus (37) Google Scholar,6)Haapanen M. Renko M. Artama M. Kuitunen I. The impact of the lockdown and the re-opening of schools and day cares on the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory infections in children - A nationwide register study in Finland.EClinicalMedicine. 2021; 34100807Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (31) Google Scholar.However, following the reduction in COVID-19 measures, an unseasonal increase in respiratory viral infections has been observed in many temperate areas of the world, such as in Europe and the United States, where climatic factors, including temperature, humidity, and ultraviolet radiation, may play a role in viral spread7)Nenna R. Matera L. Pierangeli A. Oliveto G. Viscido A. Petrarca L. et al.First COVID-19 lockdown resulted in most respiratory viruses disappearing among hospitalised children, with the exception of rhinoviruses.Acta Paediatr. 2022 Jul; 111: 1399-1403Crossref PubMed Scopus (1) Google Scholar. In many European countries, there was a complete absence of RSV cases during the fall/winter of 2020/21, and a resurgence of interseasonal cases was observed during May-June 2021, with epidemic spikes affecting several age groups, including young children, particularly those from neighborhoods with lower socioeconomic status4)Weinberger Opek M. Yeshayahu Y. Glatman-Freedman A. Kaufman Z. Sorek N. Brosh-Nissimov T. Delayed respiratory syncytial virus epidemic in children after relaxation of COVID-19 physical distancing measures, Ashdod, Israel, 2021.Euro Surveill. 2021 Jul; 262100706Crossref PubMed Scopus (37) Google Scholar,8)Edwards K.M. The Impact of Social Distancing for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 on Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Influenza Burden.Clin Infect Dis. 2021; 72: 2076-2078Crossref PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar. After the collapse of global influenza circulation in early 2020, unseasonal outbreaks of influenza A occurred in the spring-summer of 2022 in the Northern Hemisphere, though strain B remained absent9)Messacar K. Baker R.E. Park S.W. Nguyen-Tran H. Cataldi J.R. Grenfell B. Preparing for uncertainty: endemic paediatric viral illnesses after Covid-19 pandemic disruption.Lancet. 2022 Jul 14; S0140-6736 (01277-6)Google Scholar. Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) infection, suspected of causing a polio-like illness called acute flaccid myelitis, did not occur in 2020, however, the virus reappeared in the fall of 2021 in Europe outside the expected two-year cycles9)Messacar K. Baker R.E. Park S.W. Nguyen-Tran H. Cataldi J.R. Grenfell B. Preparing for uncertainty: endemic paediatric viral illnesses after Covid-19 pandemic disruption.Lancet. 2022 Jul 14; S0140-6736 (01277-6)Google Scholar.Return patterns of these viral outbreaks have been heterogeneous among locations, populations, and among different pathogens, making any prediction difficult9)Messacar K. Baker R.E. Park S.W. Nguyen-Tran H. Cataldi J.R. Grenfell B. Preparing for uncertainty: endemic paediatric viral illnesses after Covid-19 pandemic disruption.Lancet. 2022 Jul 14; S0140-6736 (01277-6)Google Scholar. Although many infections, and associated morbidity and mortality, were prevented by measures taken to prevent Covid-19 infection, this resulted in reduced exposure to endemic viruses and created an immune gap in susceptible groups of individuals who avoided infection and subsequent response to protect themselves from future infection10)Pettoello-Mantovani M. Carrasco-Sanz A. Huss G. Mestrovic J. Vural M. Pop T.L. et al.Viewpoint of the European Pediatric Societies over Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Vaccination in Children Younger Than Age 12 Years Amid Return to School and the Surging Virus Variants.The Journal of Pediatrics. 2021; 239 (e2P): 250-251Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar. The decline in childhood vaccination that has occurred in some settings may have contributed to this immune gap for vaccine-preventable diseases such as influenza, measles, chickenpox, and, in some countries, polio9)Messacar K. Baker R.E. Park S.W. Nguyen-Tran H. Cataldi J.R. Grenfell B. Preparing for uncertainty: endemic paediatric viral illnesses after Covid-19 pandemic disruption.Lancet. 2022 Jul 14; S0140-6736 (01277-6)Google Scholar,10)Pettoello-Mantovani M. Carrasco-Sanz A. Huss G. Mestrovic J. Vural M. Pop T.L. et al.Viewpoint of the European Pediatric Societies over Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Vaccination in Children Younger Than Age 12 Years Amid Return to School and the Surging Virus Variants.The Journal of Pediatrics. 2021; 239 (e2P): 250-251Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar. The cumulative effect of new susceptible birth cohorts decreasing immunity over time with reduced exposure to common endemic viruses and delayed vaccination rates in some settings widen this immunity gap and increase the potential for future outbreaks of endemic viruses.Public health systems and pediatricians must be ready to address seasonal changes in immunity and host susceptibility to infectious diseasesThe case of covid-19 pandemic suggests that in the future, health services are likely to face unexpected non-seasonal epidemic outbreaks due to groups of more susceptible populations of children who are simultaneously exposed to multiple endemic viruses9)Messacar K. Baker R.E. Park S.W. Nguyen-Tran H. Cataldi J.R. Grenfell B. Preparing for uncertainty: endemic paediatric viral illnesses after Covid-19 pandemic disruption.Lancet. 2022 Jul 14; S0140-6736 (01277-6)Google Scholar. The size and timing of outbreaks of specific pathogens are difficult to predict because they depend on many dynamic factors, including the seasonality and transmissibility of individual pathogens and the duration of preventive measures for containment, as in the case of Covid-19 infection. The imposition of public health preventive measures could have a great impact on the magnitude of future epidemics of endemic viral diseases in children and generate seasonal changes in immunity and host susceptibility of various infectious diseases11)Abuidhail J, Tamim F, Abdelrahman RY, Al-Shalabi E. Knowledge and practices of breastfeeding mothers towards prevention of the emerging corona virus (COVID- 19). Global Pediatrics 2 (2022) 100024. www.elsevier.com/locate/gpeds https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gpeds.2022.100024Google Scholar. The unprecedented natural experiment that occurred during the Covid-19 pandemic may offer a unique research experience for understanding the dynamics of typical childhood viruses. The observed differences among pathogens could help elucidate the role of behavioral factors, climate, immunity, and, more generally, current lifestyle, in influencing the transmission of endemic infectious diseases among children. Another likely effect of the delay in circulation and the resulting immune gap could be a temporary change in the age distribution of viral infections, as susceptible children may be exposed for the first time to some infectious pathogens at a later age than in the past. In addition, decreased maternal exposure and immunity to common endemic viruses, resulting in a lack of transplacental antibodies transferred to the newborn, could make young children more vulnerable to infection9)Messacar K. Baker R.E. Park S.W. Nguyen-Tran H. Cataldi J.R. Grenfell B. Preparing for uncertainty: endemic paediatric viral illnesses after Covid-19 pandemic disruption.Lancet. 2022 Jul 14; S0140-6736 (01277-6)Google Scholar. In this regard, age-related differences in disease presentation are also likely to vary by pathogen. For example, the risk of severe RSV disease is higher in younger children, so delayed exposure might reduce the severity of disease in infants and even adults infected later in life, though young children, unprotected by maternal antibodies, might be more likely to develop more severe disease11)Abuidhail J, Tamim F, Abdelrahman RY, Al-Shalabi E. Knowledge and practices of breastfeeding mothers towards prevention of the emerging corona virus (COVID- 19). Global Pediatrics 2 (2022) 100024. www.elsevier.com/locate/gpeds https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gpeds.2022.100024Google Scholar.ConclusionsIn view of the possibility of a re-emergence of SARS-CoV-2 infection or further unexpected pandemics in the next years, public health authorities should raise awareness among community health workers about the need to ensure access to services and continuity of vaccination programs. Pediatricians should be informed, so that they can adapt their diagnostic and reporting algorithms accordingly. This should be an integral part of the overall delivery of health care to their patients during new infectious emergencies. Ensuring continuity of routine immunization and addressing gaps in previous immunization history is an essential element of public health support during new pandemics. Surveillance systems should be strengthened by increasing the awareness of health workers to ensure that vaccine-preventable and other communicable diseases are detected appropriately despite a possible change in their typical epidemiological patterns.Many infectious diseases that showed unusual seasonal patterns during the pandemic are likely to return to pre-pandemic endemic patterns. However, further studies are needed to determine the potential of synergistic and antagonistic interactions of the various pathogens with SARS-CoV-2, and their impact on the severity of clinical presentations or circulation patterns. This will enable to set up appropriate prevention programs by public health systems9)Messacar K. Baker R.E. Park S.W. Nguyen-Tran H. Cataldi J.R. Grenfell B. Preparing for uncertainty: endemic paediatric viral illnesses after Covid-19 pandemic disruption.Lancet. 2022 Jul 14; S0140-6736 (01277-6)Google Scholar,13)Hilden JM, Rajka T, Dalseg J, Solevåg AL. A newly established pediatric high dependency unit in Norway Interaction with existing pediatric intensive care. 1 (2021) 100002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gpeds.2021.100002Google Scholar and acquire appropriate skills from pediatricians to be able to adequately address possible future epidemiological variations of even the most common infectious diseases.Uncited reference12)Johannesen C.K. van Wijhe M. Tong S. Fernández L.V. Heikkinen T. van Boven M. et al.Age-Specific Estimates of Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Associated Hospitalizations in 6 European Countries: A Time Series Analysis.J Infect Dis. 2022 Aug 12; 226: S29-S37Crossref PubMed Google Scholar. After WHO declared pandemic status and implemented restrictive measures to counter the spread of SARS-CoV-2, there was a reduction in major pediatric diseases caused by common seasonal viruses 1)Somekh I. Somech R. Pettoello-Mantovani M. Somekh E. Changes in Routine Pediatric Practice in Light of Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19).The Journal of Pediatrics. 2020; 224: 190-193Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (24) Google Scholar,2)Cohen R. Pettoello-Mantovani M. Somekh E. Levy C. European Pediatric Societies Call for an Implementation of Regular Vaccination Programs to Contrast the Immunity Debt Associated to Coronavirus Disease-2019 Pandemic in Children.The Journal of Pediatrics. 2021; 242 (e3): 260-261Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (5) Google Scholar. the typical increase in pediatric outpatient visits and workload in emergency rooms and hospital wards that characterizes the winter season, usually dominated by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza viruses, were not seen. diseases such as bronchiolitis, asthma, and gastroenteritis, the protagonists of pediatric age, had drastically reduced or disappeared. This commentary, prepared by the Social Pediatrics Working Group of the European Association of Pediatrics, Union of National Pediatric Societies and Associations (EPA-UNEPSA), briefly discusses the impact of preventive measures, established in various countries to contain the Covid-19 pandemic, on the seasonal epidemiology of various pediatric infectious diseases. The purpose of the article is to raise awareness of this anthropogenic epidemiological phenomenon and to emphasize the importance of being adequately trained to properly address this new challenge in their practice. Changes in the seasonal pattern of pediatric infectious diseases caused by Covid-19 preventive measuresPreventive measures taken to contain the Covid-19 pandemic have changed the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection and also the predictable seasonal pattern of many endemic viral diseases in children2)Cohen R. Pettoello-Mantovani M. Somekh E. Levy C. European Pediatric Societies Call for an Implementation of Regular Vaccination Programs to Contrast the Immunity Debt Associated to Coronavirus Disease-2019 Pandemic in Children.The Journal of Pediatrics. 2021; 242 (e3): 260-261Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (5) Google Scholar. Preventive measures have included the use of universal masks, school closures, travel restrictions, bans on mass gatherings, and other public health and physical removal measures to control COVID-19. Before 2020, outside tropical areas, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and nonpandemic influenza viruses had their peak epidemic in winter in the northern and southern hemispheres. In temperate climates, enteroviruses circulated from summer to fall, according to established cyclical and epidemiological patterns3)Pons-Salort M. Oberste S. Pallansch M. Abedi G.R. Takahashi S. Grenfell B.T. et al.The seasonality of nonpolio enteroviruses in the United States: Patterns and drivers.PNAS. 2018; 115: 3078-3083Crossref PubMed Scopus (54) Google Scholar. The Covid-19 pandemic altered these patterns, and in many regions of the world, the usual circulation of these viruses was absent for more than a year only to reoccur unexpectedly2)Cohen R. Pettoello-Mantovani M. Somekh E. Levy C. European Pediatric Societies Call for an Implementation of Regular Vaccination Programs to Contrast the Immunity Debt Associated to Coronavirus Disease-2019 Pandemic in Children.The Journal of Pediatrics. 2021; 242 (e3): 260-261Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (5) Google Scholar. An unprecedented low incidence of respiratory viral infections4)Weinberger Opek M. Yeshayahu Y. Glatman-Freedman A. Kaufman Z. Sorek N. Brosh-Nissimov T. Delayed respiratory syncytial virus epidemic in children after relaxation of COVID-19 physical distancing measures, Ashdod, Israel, 2021.Euro Surveill. 2021 Jul; 262100706Crossref PubMed Scopus (37) Google Scholar,5)Van Brusselen D. De Troeyer K. Ter Haar E. Vander Auwera A. Poschet K. Van Nuijs S. et al.Bronchiolitis in COVID-19 times: a nearly absent disease?.Eur J Pediatr. 2021; 180: 1969-1973Crossref PubMed Scopus (64) Google Scholar was recorded in 2020. Notably, there was no typical winter increase in RSV-related pediatric hospitalizations4)Weinberger Opek M. Yeshayahu Y. Glatman-Freedman A. Kaufman Z. Sorek N. Brosh-Nissimov T. Delayed respiratory syncytial virus epidemic in children after relaxation of COVID-19 physical distancing measures, Ashdod, Israel, 2021.Euro Surveill. 2021 Jul; 262100706Crossref PubMed Scopus (37) Google Scholar,6)Haapanen M. Renko M. Artama M. Kuitunen I. The impact of the lockdown and the re-opening of schools and day cares on the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory infections in children - A nationwide register study in Finland.EClinicalMedicine. 2021; 34100807Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (31) Google Scholar.However, following the reduction in COVID-19 measures, an unseasonal increase in respiratory viral infections has been observed in many temperate areas of the world, such as in Europe and the United States, where climatic factors, including temperature, humidity, and ultraviolet radiation, may play a role in viral spread7)Nenna R. Matera L. Pierangeli A. Oliveto G. Viscido A. Petrarca L. et al.First COVID-19 lockdown resulted in most respiratory viruses disappearing among hospitalised children, with the exception of rhinoviruses.Acta Paediatr. 2022 Jul; 111: 1399-1403Crossref PubMed Scopus (1) Google Scholar. In many European countries, there was a complete absence of RSV cases during the fall/winter of 2020/21, and a resurgence of interseasonal cases was observed during May-June 2021, with epidemic spikes affecting several age groups, including young children, particularly those from neighborhoods with lower socioeconomic status4)Weinberger Opek M. Yeshayahu Y. Glatman-Freedman A. Kaufman Z. Sorek N. Brosh-Nissimov T. Delayed respiratory syncytial virus epidemic in children after relaxation of COVID-19 physical distancing measures, Ashdod, Israel, 2021.Euro Surveill. 2021 Jul; 262100706Crossref PubMed Scopus (37) Google Scholar,8)Edwards K.M. The Impact of Social Distancing for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 on Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Influenza Burden.Clin Infect Dis. 2021; 72: 2076-2078Crossref PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar. After the collapse of global influenza circulation in early 2020, unseasonal outbreaks of influenza A occurred in the spring-summer of 2022 in the Northern Hemisphere, though strain B remained absent9)Messacar K. Baker R.E. Park S.W. Nguyen-Tran H. Cataldi J.R. Grenfell B. Preparing for uncertainty: endemic paediatric viral illnesses after Covid-19 pandemic disruption.Lancet. 2022 Jul 14; S0140-6736 (01277-6)Google Scholar. Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) infection, suspected of causing a polio-like illness called acute flaccid myelitis, did not occur in 2020, however, the virus reappeared in the fall of 2021 in Europe outside the expected two-year cycles9)Messacar K. Baker R.E. Park S.W. Nguyen-Tran H. Cataldi J.R. Grenfell B. Preparing for uncertainty: endemic paediatric viral illnesses after Covid-19 pandemic disruption.Lancet. 2022 Jul 14; S0140-6736 (01277-6)Google Scholar.Return patterns of these viral outbreaks have been heterogeneous among locations, populations, and among different pathogens, making any prediction difficult9)Messacar K. Baker R.E. Park S.W. Nguyen-Tran H. Cataldi J.R. Grenfell B. Preparing for uncertainty: endemic paediatric viral illnesses after Covid-19 pandemic disruption.Lancet. 2022 Jul 14; S0140-6736 (01277-6)Google Scholar. Although many infections, and associated morbidity and mortality, were prevented by measures taken to prevent Covid-19 infection, this resulted in reduced exposure to endemic viruses and created an immune gap in susceptible groups of individuals who avoided infection and subsequent response to protect themselves from future infection10)Pettoello-Mantovani M. Carrasco-Sanz A. Huss G. Mestrovic J. Vural M. Pop T.L. et al.Viewpoint of the European Pediatric Societies over Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Vaccination in Children Younger Than Age 12 Years Amid Return to School and the Surging Virus Variants.The Journal of Pediatrics. 2021; 239 (e2P): 250-251Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar. The decline in childhood vaccination that has occurred in some settings may have contributed to this immune gap for vaccine-preventable diseases such as influenza, measles, chickenpox, and, in some countries, polio9)Messacar K. Baker R.E. Park S.W. Nguyen-Tran H. Cataldi J.R. Grenfell B. Preparing for uncertainty: endemic paediatric viral illnesses after Covid-19 pandemic disruption.Lancet. 2022 Jul 14; S0140-6736 (01277-6)Google Scholar,10)Pettoello-Mantovani M. Carrasco-Sanz A. Huss G. Mestrovic J. Vural M. Pop T.L. et al.Viewpoint of the European Pediatric Societies over Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Vaccination in Children Younger Than Age 12 Years Amid Return to School and the Surging Virus Variants.The Journal of Pediatrics. 2021; 239 (e2P): 250-251Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar. The cumulative effect of new susceptible birth cohorts decreasing immunity over time with reduced exposure to common endemic viruses and delayed vaccination rates in some settings widen this immunity gap and increase the potential for future outbreaks of endemic viruses. Preventive measures taken to contain the Covid-19 pandemic have changed the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection and also the predictable seasonal pattern of many endemic viral diseases in children2)Cohen R. Pettoello-Mantovani M. Somekh E. Levy C. European Pediatric Societies Call for an Implementation of Regular Vaccination Programs to Contrast the Immunity Debt Associated to Coronavirus Disease-2019 Pandemic in Children.The Journal of Pediatrics. 2021; 242 (e3): 260-261Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (5) Google Scholar. Preventive measures have included the use of universal masks, school closures, travel restrictions, bans on mass gatherings, and other public health and physical removal measures to control COVID-19. Before 2020, outside tropical areas, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and nonpandemic influenza viruses had their peak epidemic in winter in the northern and southern hemispheres. In temperate climates, enteroviruses circulated from summer to fall, according to established cyclical and epidemiological patterns3)Pons-Salort M. Oberste S. Pallansch M. Abedi G.R. Takahashi S. Grenfell B.T. et al.The seasonality of nonpolio enteroviruses in the United States: Patterns and drivers.PNAS. 2018; 115: 3078-3083Crossref PubMed Scopus (54) Google Scholar. The Covid-19 pandemic altered these patterns, and in many regions of the world, the usual circulation of these viruses was absent for more than a year only to reoccur unexpectedly2)Cohen R. Pettoello-Mantovani M. Somekh E. Levy C. European Pediatric Societies Call for an Implementation of Regular Vaccination Programs to Contrast the Immunity Debt Associated to Coronavirus Disease-2019 Pandemic in Children.The Journal of Pediatrics. 2021; 242 (e3): 260-261Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (5) Google Scholar. An unprecedented low incidence of respiratory viral infections4)Weinberger Opek M. Yeshayahu Y. Glatman-Freedman A. Kaufman Z. Sorek N. Brosh-Nissimov T. Delayed respiratory syncytial virus epidemic in children after relaxation of COVID-19 physical distancing measures, Ashdod, Israel, 2021.Euro Surveill. 2021 Jul; 262100706Crossref PubMed Scopus (37) Google Scholar,5)Van Brusselen D. De Troeyer K. Ter Haar E. Vander Auwera A. Poschet K. Van Nuijs S. et al.Bronchiolitis in COVID-19 times: a nearly absent disease?.Eur J Pediatr. 2021; 180: 1969-1973Crossref PubMed Scopus (64) Google Scholar was recorded in 2020. Notably, there was no typical winter increase in RSV-related pediatric hospitalizations4)Weinberger Opek M. Yeshayahu Y. Glatman-Freedman A. Kaufman Z. Sorek N. Brosh-Nissimov T. Delayed respiratory syncytial virus epidemic in children after relaxation of COVID-19 physical distancing measures, Ashdod, Israel, 2021.Euro Surveill. 2021 Jul; 262100706Crossref PubMed Scopus (37) Google Scholar,6)Haapanen M. Renko M. Artama M. Kuitunen I. The impact of the lockdown and the re-opening of schools and day cares on the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory infections in children - A nationwide register study in Finland.EClinicalMedicine. 2021; 34100807Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (31) Google Scholar. However, following the reduction in COVID-19 measures, an unseasonal increase in respiratory viral infections has been observed in many temperate areas of the world, such as in Europe and the United States, where climatic factors, including temperature, humidity, and ultraviolet radiation, may play a role in viral spread7)Nenna R. Matera L. Pierangeli A. Oliveto G. Viscido A. Petrarca L. et al.First COVID-19 lockdown resulted in most respiratory viruses disappearing among hospitalised children, with the exception of rhinoviruses.Acta Paediatr. 2022 Jul; 111: 1399-1403Crossref PubMed Scopus (1) Google Scholar. In many European countries, there was a complete absence of RSV cases during the fall/winter of 2020/21, and a resurgence of interseasonal cases was observed during May-June 2021, with epidemic spikes affecting several age groups, including young children, particularly those from neighborhoods with lower socioeconomic status4)Weinberger Opek M. Yeshayahu Y. Glatman-Freedman A. Kaufman Z. Sorek N. Brosh-Nissimov T. Delayed respiratory syncytial virus epidemic in children after relaxation of COVID-19 physical distancing measures, Ashdod, Israel, 2021.Euro Surveill. 2021 Jul; 262100706Crossref PubMed Scopus (37) Google Scholar,8)Edwards K.M. The Impact of Social Distancing for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 on Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Influenza Burden.Clin Infect Dis. 2021; 72: 2076-2078Crossref PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar. After the collapse of global influenza circulation in early 2020, unseasonal outbreaks of influenza A occurred in the spring-summer of 2022 in the Northern Hemisphere, though strain B remained absent9)Messacar K. Baker R.E. Park S.W. Nguyen-Tran H. Cataldi J.R. Grenfell B. Preparing for uncertainty: endemic paediatric viral illnesses after Covid-19 pandemic disruption.Lancet. 2022 Jul 14; S0140-6736 (01277-6)Google Scholar. Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) infection, suspected of causing a polio-like illness called acute flaccid myelitis, did not occur in 2020, however, the virus reappeared in the fall of 2021 in Europe outside the expected two-year cycles9)Messacar K. Baker R.E. Park S.W. Nguyen-Tran H. Cataldi J.R. Grenfell B. Preparing for uncertainty: endemic paediatric viral illnesses after Covid-19 pandemic disruption.Lancet. 2022 Jul 14; S0140-6736 (01277-6)Google Scholar. Return patterns of these viral outbreaks have been heterogeneous among locations, populations, and among different pathogens, making any prediction difficult9)Messacar K. Baker R.E. Park S.W. Nguyen-Tran H. Cataldi J.R. Grenfell B. Preparing for uncertainty: endemic paediatric viral illnesses after Covid-19 pandemic disruption.Lancet. 2022 Jul 14; S0140-6736 (01277-6)Google Scholar. Although many infections, and associated morbidity and mortality, were prevented by measures taken to prevent Covid-19 infection, this resulted in reduced exposure to endemic viruses and created an immune gap in susceptible groups of individuals who avoided infection and subsequent response to protect themselves from future infection10)Pettoello-Mantovani M. Carrasco-Sanz A. Huss G. Mestrovic J. Vural M. Pop T.L. et al.Viewpoint of the European Pediatric Societies over Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Vaccination in Children Younger Than Age 12 Years Amid Return to School and the Surging Virus Variants.The Journal of Pediatrics. 2021; 239 (e2P): 250-251Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar. The decline in childhood vaccination that has occurred in some settings may have contributed to this immune gap for vaccine-preventable diseases such as influenza, measles, chickenpox, and, in some countries, polio9)Messacar K. Baker R.E. Park S.W. Nguyen-Tran H. Cataldi J.R. Grenfell B. Preparing for uncertainty: endemic paediatric viral illnesses after Covid-19 pandemic disruption.Lancet. 2022 Jul 14; S0140-6736 (01277-6)Google Scholar,10)Pettoello-Mantovani M. Carrasco-Sanz A. Huss G. Mestrovic J. Vural M. Pop T.L. et al.Viewpoint of the European Pediatric Societies over Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Vaccination in Children Younger Than Age 12 Years Amid Return to School and the Surging Virus Variants.The Journal of Pediatrics. 2021; 239 (e2P): 250-251Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar. The cumulative effect of new susceptible birth cohorts decreasing immunity over time with reduced exposure to common endemic viruses and delayed vaccination rates in some settings widen this immunity gap and increase the potential for future outbreaks of endemic viruses. Public health systems and pediatricians must be ready to address seasonal changes in immunity and host susceptibility to infectious diseasesThe case of covid-19 pandemic suggests that in the future, health services are likely to face unexpected non-seasonal epidemic outbreaks due to groups of more susceptible populations of children who are simultaneously exposed to multiple endemic viruses9)Messacar K. Baker R.E. Park S.W. Nguyen-Tran H. Cataldi J.R. Grenfell B. Preparing for uncertainty: endemic paediatric viral illnesses after Covid-19 pandemic disruption.Lancet. 2022 Jul 14; S0140-6736 (01277-6)Google Scholar. The size and timing of outbreaks of specific pathogens are difficult to predict because they depend on many dynamic factors, including the seasonality and transmissibility of individual pathogens and the duration of preventive measures for containment, as in the case of Covid-19 infection. The imposition of public health preventive measures could have a great impact on the magnitude of future epidemics of endemic viral diseases in children and generate seasonal changes in immunity and host susceptibility of various infectious diseases11)Abuidhail J, Tamim F, Abdelrahman RY, Al-Shalabi E. Knowledge and practices of breastfeeding mothers towards prevention of the emerging corona virus (COVID- 19). Global Pediatrics 2 (2022) 100024. www.elsevier.com/locate/gpeds https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gpeds.2022.100024Google Scholar. The unprecedented natural experiment that occurred during the Covid-19 pandemic may offer a unique research experience for understanding the dynamics of typical childhood viruses. The observed differences among pathogens could help elucidate the role of behavioral factors, climate, immunity, and, more generally, current lifestyle, in influencing the transmission of endemic infectious diseases among children. Another likely effect of the delay in circulation and the resulting immune gap could be a temporary change in the age distribution of viral infections, as susceptible children may be exposed for the first time to some infectious pathogens at a later age than in the past. In addition, decreased maternal exposure and immunity to common endemic viruses, resulting in a lack of transplacental antibodies transferred to the newborn, could make young children more vulnerable to infection9)Messacar K. Baker R.E. Park S.W. Nguyen-Tran H. Cataldi J.R. Grenfell B. Preparing for uncertainty: endemic paediatric viral illnesses after Covid-19 pandemic disruption.Lancet. 2022 Jul 14; S0140-6736 (01277-6)Google Scholar. In this regard, age-related differences in disease presentation are also likely to vary by pathogen. For example, the risk of severe RSV disease is higher in younger children, so delayed exposure might reduce the severity of disease in infants and even adults infected later in life, though young children, unprotected by maternal antibodies, might be more likely to develop more severe disease11)Abuidhail J, Tamim F, Abdelrahman RY, Al-Shalabi E. Knowledge and practices of breastfeeding mothers towards prevention of the emerging corona virus (COVID- 19). Global Pediatrics 2 (2022) 100024. www.elsevier.com/locate/gpeds https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gpeds.2022.100024Google Scholar. The case of covid-19 pandemic suggests that in the future, health services are likely to face unexpected non-seasonal epidemic outbreaks due to groups of more susceptible populations of children who are simultaneously exposed to multiple endemic viruses9)Messacar K. Baker R.E. Park S.W. Nguyen-Tran H. Cataldi J.R. Grenfell B. Preparing for uncertainty: endemic paediatric viral illnesses after Covid-19 pandemic disruption.Lancet. 2022 Jul 14; S0140-6736 (01277-6)Google Scholar. The size and timing of outbreaks of specific pathogens are difficult to predict because they depend on many dynamic factors, including the seasonality and transmissibility of individual pathogens and the duration of preventive measures for containment, as in the case of Covid-19 infection. The imposition of public health preventive measures could have a great impact on the magnitude of future epidemics of endemic viral diseases in children and generate seasonal changes in immunity and host susceptibility of various infectious diseases11)Abuidhail J, Tamim F, Abdelrahman RY, Al-Shalabi E. Knowledge and practices of breastfeeding mothers towards prevention of the emerging corona virus (COVID- 19). Global Pediatrics 2 (2022) 100024. www.elsevier.com/locate/gpeds https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gpeds.2022.100024Google Scholar. The unprecedented natural experiment that occurred during the Covid-19 pandemic may offer a unique research experience for understanding the dynamics of typical childhood viruses. The observed differences among pathogens could help elucidate the role of behavioral factors, climate, immunity, and, more generally, current lifestyle, in influencing the transmission of endemic infectious diseases among children. Another likely effect of the delay in circulation and the resulting immune gap could be a temporary change in the age distribution of viral infections, as susceptible children may be exposed for the first time to some infectious pathogens at a later age than in the past. In addition, decreased maternal exposure and immunity to common endemic viruses, resulting in a lack of transplacental antibodies transferred to the newborn, could make young children more vulnerable to infection9)Messacar K. Baker R.E. Park S.W. Nguyen-Tran H. Cataldi J.R. Grenfell B. Preparing for uncertainty: endemic paediatric viral illnesses after Covid-19 pandemic disruption.Lancet. 2022 Jul 14; S0140-6736 (01277-6)Google Scholar. In this regard, age-related differences in disease presentation are also likely to vary by pathogen. For example, the risk of severe RSV disease is higher in younger children, so delayed exposure might reduce the severity of disease in infants and even adults infected later in life, though young children, unprotected by maternal antibodies, might be more likely to develop more severe disease11)Abuidhail J, Tamim F, Abdelrahman RY, Al-Shalabi E. Knowledge and practices of breastfeeding mothers towards prevention of the emerging corona virus (COVID- 19). Global Pediatrics 2 (2022) 100024. www.elsevier.com/locate/gpeds https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gpeds.2022.100024Google Scholar. ConclusionsIn view of the possibility of a re-emergence of SARS-CoV-2 infection or further unexpected pandemics in the next years, public health authorities should raise awareness among community health workers about the need to ensure access to services and continuity of vaccination programs. Pediatricians should be informed, so that they can adapt their diagnostic and reporting algorithms accordingly. This should be an integral part of the overall delivery of health care to their patients during new infectious emergencies. Ensuring continuity of routine immunization and addressing gaps in previous immunization history is an essential element of public health support during new pandemics. Surveillance systems should be strengthened by increasing the awareness of health workers to ensure that vaccine-preventable and other communicable diseases are detected appropriately despite a possible change in their typical epidemiological patterns.Many infectious diseases that showed unusual seasonal patterns during the pandemic are likely to return to pre-pandemic endemic patterns. However, further studies are needed to determine the potential of synergistic and antagonistic interactions of the various pathogens with SARS-CoV-2, and their impact on the severity of clinical presentations or circulation patterns. This will enable to set up appropriate prevention programs by public health systems9)Messacar K. Baker R.E. Park S.W. Nguyen-Tran H. Cataldi J.R. Grenfell B. Preparing for uncertainty: endemic paediatric viral illnesses after Covid-19 pandemic disruption.Lancet. 2022 Jul 14; S0140-6736 (01277-6)Google Scholar,13)Hilden JM, Rajka T, Dalseg J, Solevåg AL. A newly established pediatric high dependency unit in Norway Interaction with existing pediatric intensive care. 1 (2021) 100002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gpeds.2021.100002Google Scholar and acquire appropriate skills from pediatricians to be able to adequately address possible future epidemiological variations of even the most common infectious diseases. In view of the possibility of a re-emergence of SARS-CoV-2 infection or further unexpected pandemics in the next years, public health authorities should raise awareness among community health workers about the need to ensure access to services and continuity of vaccination programs. Pediatricians should be informed, so that they can adapt their diagnostic and reporting algorithms accordingly. This should be an integral part of the overall delivery of health care to their patients during new infectious emergencies. Ensuring continuity of routine immunization and addressing gaps in previous immunization history is an essential element of public health support during new pandemics. Surveillance systems should be strengthened by increasing the awareness of health workers to ensure that vaccine-preventable and other communicable diseases are detected appropriately despite a possible change in their typical epidemiological patterns." @default.
• W4304123863 created "2022-10-11" @default.
• W4304123863 creator A5002295938 @default.
• W4304123863 creator A5005755152 @default.
• W4304123863 creator A5007541884 @default.
• W4304123863 creator A5025949428 @default.
• W4304123863 creator A5030727436 @default.
• W4304123863 creator A5039936856 @default.
• W4304123863 date "2023-01-01" @default.
• W4304123863 modified "2023-10-10" @default.
• W4304123863 title "Epidemiologic Changes Caused by the Preventive Measures for the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: An Additional Challenge for Pediatricians" @default.
• W4304123863 cites W2791901668 @default.
• W4304123863 cites W3033787371 @default.
• W4304123863 cites W3092617192 @default.
• W4304123863 cites W3129101247 @default.
• W4304123863 cites W3149088221 @default.
• W4304123863 cites W3185742783 @default.
• W4304123863 cites W3199937319 @default.
• W4304123863 cites W3217215037 @default.
• W4304123863 cites W4213302662 @default.
• W4304123863 cites W4221079219 @default.
• W4304123863 cites W4226165957 @default.
• W4304123863 cites W4285498392 @default.
• W4304123863 cites W4296201768 @default.
• W4304123863 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.10.001" @default.
• W4304123863 hasPubMedId "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36228682" @default.
• W4304123863 hasPublicationYear "2023" @default.
• W4304123863 type Work @default.
• W4304123863 citedByCount "1" @default.
• W4304123863 countsByYear W43041238632023 @default.
• W4304123863 crossrefType "journal-article" @default.
• W4304123863 hasAuthorship W4304123863A5002295938 @default.
• W4304123863 hasAuthorship W4304123863A5005755152 @default.
• W4304123863 hasAuthorship W4304123863A5007541884 @default.
• W4304123863 hasAuthorship W4304123863A5025949428 @default.
• W4304123863 hasAuthorship W4304123863A5030727436 @default.
• W4304123863 hasAuthorship W4304123863A5039936856 @default.
• W4304123863 hasBestOaLocation W43041238632 @default.
• W4304123863 hasConcept C107130276 @default.
• W4304123863 hasConcept C116675565 @default.
• W4304123863 hasConcept C142724271 @default.
• W4304123863 hasConcept C159047783 @default.
• W4304123863 hasConcept C2777648638 @default.
• W4304123863 hasConcept C2778137277 @default.
• W4304123863 hasConcept C2779134260 @default.
• W4304123863 hasConcept C2909376813 @default.
• W4304123863 hasConcept C3006700255 @default.
• W4304123863 hasConcept C3007834351 @default.
• W4304123863 hasConcept C3008058167 @default.
• W4304123863 hasConcept C524204448 @default.
• W4304123863 hasConcept C71924100 @default.
• W4304123863 hasConcept C89623803 @default.
• W4304123863 hasConcept C99454951 @default.
• W4304123863 hasConceptScore W4304123863C107130276 @default.
• W4304123863 hasConceptScore W4304123863C116675565 @default.
• W4304123863 hasConceptScore W4304123863C142724271 @default.
• W4304123863 hasConceptScore W4304123863C159047783 @default.
• W4304123863 hasConceptScore W4304123863C2777648638 @default.
• W4304123863 hasConceptScore W4304123863C2778137277 @default.
• W4304123863 hasConceptScore W4304123863C2779134260 @default.
• W4304123863 hasConceptScore W4304123863C2909376813 @default.
• W4304123863 hasConceptScore W4304123863C3006700255 @default.
• W4304123863 hasConceptScore W4304123863C3007834351 @default.
• W4304123863 hasConceptScore W4304123863C3008058167 @default.
• W4304123863 hasConceptScore W4304123863C524204448 @default.
• W4304123863 hasConceptScore W4304123863C71924100 @default.
• W4304123863 hasConceptScore W4304123863C89623803 @default.
• W4304123863 hasConceptScore W4304123863C99454951 @default.
• W4304123863 hasLocation W43041238631 @default.
• W4304123863 hasLocation W43041238632 @default.
• W4304123863 hasLocation W43041238633 @default.
• W4304123863 hasOpenAccess W4304123863 @default.
• W4304123863 hasPrimaryLocation W43041238631 @default.
• W4304123863 hasRelatedWork W3003901880 @default.
• W4304123863 hasRelatedWork W3004826915 @default.
• W4304123863 hasRelatedWork W3005417802 @default.
• W4304123863 hasRelatedWork W3007868867 @default.
• W4304123863 hasRelatedWork W3009669391 @default.
• W4304123863 hasRelatedWork W3020699490 @default.
• W4304123863 hasRelatedWork W3031607536 @default.
• W4304123863 hasRelatedWork W3087206508 @default.
• W4304123863 hasRelatedWork W4206419631 @default.
• W4304123863 hasRelatedWork W3127156785 @default.
• W4304123863 hasVolume "252" @default.
• W4304123863 isParatext "false" @default.
• W4304123863 isRetracted "false" @default.
• W4304123863 workType "article" @default.