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• W4308141851 abstract "The African postcolonial state is in crisis, and it has been for a while. The sources and forms of this crisis are multiple in nature. My focus on this article is on the political aspects of this crisis. The idea of the African postcolonial state became a reality when the majority of former colonies in Africa gained independence from European colonial rule. What these former colonies inherited was not entirely clear at the time. What was evident was that they had to mould themselves into the model of the dominant European nation-state in order to gain recognition and acceptance as sovereign states. However, it soon became clear that the construction of a postcolonial state and nation in Africa would present the newly independent polities with serious challenges. These have congealed over the past half-century to result in the various crises that dominate the organisation of political community in Africa. These challenges take uniquely distinct forms in the Horn of Africa. In this region articulations and imaginations of the state and nation are highly contested in the Horn of Africa and are often marked by violence. These contestations have led to the emergence of what appear to be alternative forms of statehood. The various polities in the region are challenging the nation-state model and are simultaneously attempting to find alternatives to this foreign model. These processes are unique to this region of Africa and are worth analysing and thinking through in terms of what they could potentially mean for the future of the nation-state in Africa. Mamdani, Mahmood, Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism (London: James Currey, 1996) https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691180427/citizen-and-subject. To get a good sense of the political challenges that have plagued Africa in the postcolonial era, Citizen and Subject is a good place to start. Mamdani interrogates some of the challenges that have stood in the way of democratisation in Africa post-independence. This is an important work for any student of contemporary African studies and politics. In the volume, Mamdani concludes that the reason for the political malaise in much of Africa since independence can be located in the legacy of colonialism. He sketches the contours of the kind of power that emerged in the late colonial period and argues that its legacy has made it difficult for African countries to transition from oppressive colonial modes of governance to ones that are required in the post-independence period. Mahmood Mamdani takes his earlier propositions further in Neither Settler nor Native, the Making and Unmaking of Permanent Minorities (Johannesburg: Wits University Press, 2021). Here, Mamdani offers a synthesis of his earlier works and concludes that the nation-state is itself the problem in Africa and elsewhere. Using case studies from different parts of the world, Mamdani locates the source of political violence in the colonial state, and as such calls for the decolonisation of the ways in which political community is understood and practiced. Niang, Amy, The Postcolonial African State in Transition, Stateness and Modes of Sovereignty, (London: Rowman and Littlefield International, 2018). https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781786606532/The-Postcolonial-African-State-in-Transition-Stateness-and-Modes-of-Sovereignty, makes a notable contribution to the literature on the African state. Niang argues that to understand contemporary crises of statehood we must understand that the African state—precolonial, colonial, and post-colonial was always a transient phenomenon. The book sets itself quite apart from the state-failure literature by offering a scathing critique of this outdated approach of analysing the crisis of African post-colonial state formation. Hagmann, Tobias and Peclard, Didier, 2010, Negotiating Statehood: Dynamics of Power and Domination in Africa, Development and Change 4, 539–562. In this article the authors contribute a different take on the processes of state construction and deconstruction in Africa. Following a critique of the state failure literature, the authors instead argue for a ‘heuristic framework’ that examines the different actors that forge and remake the state through processes of negotiation, contestation and bricolage. For these authors, the state has neither failed nor is it a necessarily foreign entity, rather, they argue that local and other actors come together to produce an imperfect political assemblage. Davidson, Basil, The Black Man's Burden: Africa and the Curse of the Nation-State, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Having witnessed the decade of African independence in the 1960s, and the hopeful mood of that period, and also closely following the post-independence project of state building, by the early 1990s Davidson had become quite pessimistic. In this book, Davidson reflects the general pessimism that had characterised the analyses of post-independence state formation, he argues that the source of what had become a crisis of statehood can be located in the nation-state model. As the title suggests, Davidson had reached the conclusion that the nation-state model was a foreign model that had become a burden for Africans. The recent volume by Markakis, John, Schlee, Gunther and Young, John, The Nation State, A Wrong Model for the Horn of Africa, (Halle: Max Planck Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften, 2021) offers an updated argument on the crisis of statehood in the Horn of Africa. The three senior scholars have dedicated most of their academic careers studying the Horn of Africa. In this volume, the authors dissect the different aspects of what is a distinctive demonstration of the failure of the Westphalian order in the Horn of Africa. The authors are asking for more critical analyses of the Western nation-state model. They argue that the limited critique of this model raises questions about the epistemological integrity of African studies. The volume implores us to ask serious questions about, and to explore possible alternatives to the nation-state model. However, the authors state categorically that any such alternatives will need to come from the Africans themselves and not from outsiders. Ndlovu-Gatsheni, S. J. (2012). Fiftieth anniversary of decolonisation in Africa: A moment of celebration or critical reflection? Third World Quarterly, 33(1), 71–89. Nugent, P. (2004). African independence: Poisoned chalice or cup of plenty? In P. Nugent (Ed.), 2004 Africa since independence (1st ed., pp. 7–57). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Doornbos, M. (1990). The African state in academic debate: Retrospect and prospect. Journal of Modern African Studies, 28, 179–198. Young, C. (2004). The end of the post-colonial state in Africa? Reflections on changing African political dynamics. African Affairs, 103, 23–49. Clapham, C. (1996). Africa and the international system: The politics of state survival. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Olukoshi, A., & Laakso, L. (Eds.). (1996). Challenges to the nation-state in Africa. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. Cooper, F. (2002). Africa since 1940: The past of the present. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Young, C. (2012). The postcolonial state in Africa: Fifty years of independence, 1960–2010. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. Bartelson, J. (2001). The critique of the state. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Niang, A. (2018). The postcolonial African state in transition: Stateness and modes of sovereignty. New York: Rowman and Littlefield. Mamdani, M. (1996). Citizen and subject: Contemporary Africa and the legacy of late colonialism. New Haven: Princeton University Press. Bayart, J. F., & Bertrand, R. (2006). What colonial legacy are we speaking of? Esprit, 134–60. Jackson, R. H., & Rosberg, C. G. (1982). Why Africa's weak states persist: The empirical and the juridical in statehood. World Politics, 3, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.2307/2010277. Jackson, R. H., & Rosberg, C. G. (1986). Sovereignty and underdevelopment: Juridical statehood in the African crisis. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 24, 1–32. Herbst, J. I. (1997). Responding to state failure in Africa. International Security, 21, 120–144. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/447448. Hagmann, T., & Hoehne, M. V. (2008). Failures of the state failure debate: Evidence from the Somali territories. Journal of International Development, 21, 42–57. Hagmann, T., & Peclard, D. (2010). Negotiating statehood: Dynamics of power and domination in Africa. Development and Change, 4, 539–562. Doornbos, M. (2012). Researching African statehood dynamics: Negotiability and its limits. Development and Change, 41, 747–769. Iyob, R. (2000). The Ethiopia-Eritrea conflict: Diasporic versus hegemonic states in the Horn of Africa, 1991–2000. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 38, 659–682. Woodward, P. (2013). Crisis in the Horn of Africa, politics, piracy and the threat of terror. London: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. Walls, M. (2009). The emergence of a Somali state: Building peace from civil war in Somaliland. African Affairs, 108, 371–389. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adp019. Deng, F. (2006). Sudan: A nation in turbulent search of itself. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 603, 155–162. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716205283021. Samatar, A. I. (1992). Destruction of state and society in Somalia: Beyond the tribal convention. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 30, 625–641. Reid, R. (2011). Frontiers of violence in North-East Africa: Genealogies of conflict since C.1800. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Tronvoll, K. (2009). War & the politics of identity in Ethiopia: The making of enemies & allies in the Horn of Africa. Suffolk: James Currey. Negash, S. (2008). Colonial legacy, state intervention and secessionism: Paradoxical national identities of the Ogaden and Ishaq clans in Ethiopia. In B. Zewde (Ed.), Society, state and identity in African history (pp. 275–298). Addis Ababa: Forum for Social Studies. Cliffe, L. (1999). Regional dimensions of conflict in the Horn of Africa. Third World Quarterly, 20, 89–111. Markakis, J. (1996). Editorial: The Horn of Africa. Review of African Political Economy, 23, 469–474. Bradbury, M. (2008). Becoming Somaliland; Understanding Somalia and Somaliland. London: Progressio. Chonka, P., & Healy, S. (2020). Self-determination and a shattered star: Statehood and national identity in the Somali Horn of Africa. Nations and Nationalism, 27, 61–79. https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12646. Mengisteab, K. (1997). New approaches to state-building in Africa: The case of Ethiopia's ethnic-based federalism. African Studies Review, 40, 111–132. Matshanda, N. (2022). Ethiopia's civil wars: Postcolonial modernity and the violence of contested nationhood. Nations and Nationalism, 28(4), 1282–1292. https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12835. Mamdani, M. (2021). Neither settler nor native: The making and unmaking of permanent minorities. Johannesburg: Wits University Press. Markakis, J., Schlee, G., & Young, J. (2021). The nation state: A wrong model for the Horn of Africa. Halle: Max Planck Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften. How do we understand the post-colonial state in Africa in the context of the dominant Westphalian order? What forms does the crisis of statehood in postcolonial Africa take, and how do these differ across the continent? What are the limits of the state-failure literature for understanding the various challenges of post-independence statehood in Africa? What are they key features of the crisis of statehood in the Horn of Africa? What lessons can be learnt from the shifting meanings and understandings of statehood in the Horn of Africa? None. Namhla Thando Matshanda is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Political Studies, University of the Western Cape. Here she teaches International Relations and African Politics. She holds a PhD in African Studies from Edinburgh University. Her research interests broadly focus on the postcolonial state in Africa. She is a political historian of the Horn of Africa and is particularly interested in historical and contemporary processes of state and nation building in Ethiopia." @default.
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• W4308141851 title "Teaching & learning guide for: The crisis of the postcolonial nation‐state and the emergence of alternative forms of statehood in the Horn of Africa" @default.
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