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• W4311148181 abstract "We thank Andrade ( 1 Andrade C. Obsessive-compulsive disorder, tic disorders, and early-life infections. Biol Psychiatry. 2023; 93: e35 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (1) Google Scholar ) for his interest in our article ( 2 Zhang T. Brander G. Isung J. Isomura K. Sidorchuk A. Larsson H. et al. Prenatal and early childhood infections and subsequent risk of obsessive-compulsive disorder and tic disorders: A nationwide, sibling-controlled study. Biol Psychiatry. 2023; 93: 1023-1030 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (6) Google Scholar ) and for sharing his concerns about the interpretation of our findings. We indeed focused on severe infections requiring hospitalization. This was a deliberate design choice aimed at improving diagnostic validity. Similar design choices were made by others ( 3 Atladóttir H.O. Thorsen P. Østergaard L. Schendel D.E. Lemcke S. Abdallah M. et al. Maternal infection requiring hospitalization during pregnancy and autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 2010; 40: 1423-1430 Crossref PubMed Scopus (639) Google Scholar , 4 Blomström Å. Karlsson H. Gardner R. Jörgensen L. Magnusson C. Dalman C. Associations between maternal infection during pregnancy, childhood infections, and the risk of subsequent psychotic disorder—A Swedish cohort study of nearly 2 million individuals. Schizophr Bull. 2016; 42: 125-133 PubMed Google Scholar , 5 Ginsberg Y. D'Onofrio B.M. Rickert M.E. Class Q.A. Rosenqvist M.A. Almqvist C. et al. Maternal infection requiring hospitalization during pregnancy and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in offspring: A quasi-experimental family-based study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2019; 60: 160-168 Crossref PubMed Scopus (20) Google Scholar , 6 Al-Haddad B.J.S. Jacobsson B. Chabra S. Modzelewska D. Olson E.M. Bernier R. et al. Long-term risk of neuropsychiatric disease after exposure to infection in utero. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019; 76: 594-602 Crossref PubMed Scopus (135) Google Scholar ), with the additional advantage of facilitating comparisons across psychiatric disorders. As for the cutoff at age 3 years, this choice was admittedly arbitrary and aimed at identifying early-life exposures that, together with in utero infections, represent exposures occurring during a period considered critical for neurodevelopment ( 7 Martino D. Johnson I. Leckman J.F. What does immunology have to do with normal brain development and the pathophysiology underlying Tourette syndrome and related neuropsychiatric disorders?. Front Neurol. 2020; 11567407 Crossref Scopus (31) Google Scholar , 8 Nusslock R. Miller G.E. Early-life adversity and physical and emotional health across the lifespan: A neuroimmune network hypothesis. Biol Psychiatry. 2016; 80: 23-32 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (375) Google Scholar ). This strategy has also been used previously (using different age cutoffs depending on the research question) ( 9 Köhler-Forsberg O. Petersen L. Gasse C. Mortensen P.B. Dalsgaard S. Yolken R.H. et al. A nationwide study in Denmark of the association between treated infections and the subsequent risk of treated mental disorders in children and adolescents. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019; 76: 271-279 Crossref PubMed Scopus (122) Google Scholar , 10 Chaplin A.B. Jones P.B. Khandaker G.M. Association between common early-childhood infection and subsequent depressive symptoms and psychotic experiences in adolescence: A population-based longitudinal birth cohort study. Psychol Med. 2020; 52: 1-11 PubMed Google Scholar , 11 Green M.J. Watkeys O.J. Whitten T. Thomas C. Kariuki M. Dean K. et al. Increased incidence of childhood mental disorders following exposure to early life infection. Brain Behav Immun. 2021; 97: 376-382 Crossref PubMed Scopus (5) Google Scholar , 12 Debost J.P.G. Thorsteinsson E. Trabjerg B. Benros M.E. Albiñana C. Vilhjalmsson B.J. et al. Genetic and psychosocial influence on the association between early childhood infections and later psychiatric disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2023; 146: 406-419 Crossref Scopus (1) Google Scholar ) and ensured that the infections preceded the onset of the outcomes (both obsessive-compulsive disorder [OCD] and tic disorders are early-onset conditions, particularly the latter), thus reducing the risk of reverse causality. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Tic Disorders, and Early-Life InfectionsBiological PsychiatryVol. 93Issue 11PreviewIn a Swedish, population-based birth-cohort study, Zhang et al. (1) found that antenatal maternal exposure and early childhood exposure to infections were each associated with an increased risk of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and tic disorders in later life. However, importantly, when siblings with versus without exposure to infection were compared, there was no significant difference in the risk of either OCD or tic disorders. Zhang et al. therefore concluded that familial, rather than infectious or autoimmune, factors appear to drive the risk of OCD and of tic disorders. Full-Text PDF" @default.
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• W4311148181 date "2023-06-01" @default.
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• W4311148181 title "Reply to: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Tic Disorders, and Early-Life Infections" @default.
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