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• W4311537269 abstract "Reviewed by: Hidden Heretics: Jewish Doubt in the Digital Age by Ayala Fader Andrea Lieber Ayala Fader. Hidden Heretics: Jewish Doubt in the Digital Age. Princeton Studies in Culture and Technology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2020. 270 pp. In her compelling ethnography, Hidden Heretics: Jewish Doubt in the Digital Age, Ayala Fader shines light on the insular world of ultra-Orthodoxy as it navigates challenges sparked by the ubiquity of the Internet in twenty-first-century life. Fader's analysis unfolds on two fronts. Through deeply personal interviews she reveals the complex stories of individuals whose lives are upended by fervent religious doubt, leading them to find community and self-expression in a digitally mediated online world. In parallel, Fader also voices the perspective of the religious leaders and therapists charged with counseling those in doubt and who uphold the notion that the Internet is a moral threat that must be curtailed to preserve the sanctity of the Jewish soul. Unlike Jewish skeptics of any previous generation, the double lifers at the center of Fader's work have the Internet—a virtual platform that is at once private and uniquely public—to voice their doubt, externalize it, and pursue answers to their fundamental questions. By connecting anonymously with others, those struggling with doubt create an alternative, digital public that extends well beyond the confines of the ultra-Orthodox communities in which they live. This parallel world, where religious doubt is facilitated by and expanded through technology, [End Page 445] poses an existential challenge to ultra-Orthodoxy by subverting the mechanisms (such as the control of information) that it has used historically to maintain the authority of an increasingly strict interpretation of Jewish tradition. The human stories that animate Hidden Heretics are of individuals living with life-changing doubt. Distinct from doubt that strengthens faith, life-changing doubt is deeply existential, urgently challenging a skeptic's world view with an intensity that compels action. Committing small transgressions in secret, searching blogs and online chat rooms for affirmation of and answers to their questions, and eventually making small, sometimes imperceptible changes to their personal practice, over time Fader's informants craft double lives—maintaining the outward appearance of piety while developing an interior, alternative space for expression of a different, alternative self. As an anthropology of life-changing doubt, Hidden Heretics surfaces the complexities of what it means to live with these untenable contradictions by studying the semiotic forms (language, dress, and the body) that effectively embody doubt, turning it into a practice that can be seen, studied, and interpreted. Hidden Heretics builds on the approach employed in Fader's previous book, Mitzvah Girls, which analyzed the way Hasidic girls are socialized to become women and mothers in the closed community of Boro Park, Brooklyn. In this work, too, Fader emphasized the power of language, embodiment, and gender to communicate cultural meaning. While earlier generations of anthropologists saw religious categories like faith and belief as private and hidden from the public realm of practice, Fader suggests that belief and doubt are externalized practices, manifest in the things people do. If belief and doubt are practices, she argues, they can be ethnographically studied to account for the diversity of experiences afforded by age, gender, piety, or social class (217). The power of Hidden Heretics lies in the way Fader takes her method in a new direction, exploring the way online spaces take shape as a heretical counter-public. Showing how virtual space becomes externalized as discursive and public, yet simultaneously remains anonymous and private, her project is a useful model of how to do ethnographic research in hybrid spaces. In this regard, Fader's work will be of interest beyond Jewish studies, breaking important ground in anthropology, religion, and media studies. Another key strength Fader brings to this work is her astute ability to read for gender. A thread throughout the study notes the marked difference between the experiences of men and women living with doubt. While the men she studied could draw on the long history of apikorsim (heretics) and the legacy of the Jewish Enlightenment to frame their experience of doubt, the women she met had no such legacy and..." @default.
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• W4311537269 date "2022-11-01" @default.
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• W4311537269 title "Hidden Heretics: Jewish Doubt in the Digital Age by Ayala Fader" @default.
• W4311537269 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/ajs.2022.0069" @default.
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