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• W4312081967 abstract "HomePhytopathology®Vol. 112, No. 12The First Genome Sequence Resource of Tilletia setariae, the Causal Agent of Foxtail Millet Stinking Smut Disease Previous Resource Announcement OPENOpen Access licenseThe First Genome Sequence Resource of Tilletia setariae, the Causal Agent of Foxtail Millet Stinking Smut DiseaseKang Zhang, Lixia Jia, Helong Si, Jihong Xing, Jingao Dong, and Zhiyong LiKang Zhanghttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0255-8510State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, Hebei, ChinaSearch for more papers by this author, Lixia JiaInstitute of Agricultural Information and Economics, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050035, ChinaSearch for more papers by this author, Helong SiState Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, Hebei, ChinaSearch for more papers by this author, Jihong XingState Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, Hebei, ChinaSearch for more papers by this author, Jingao Dong†Corresponding authors: J. Dong; E-mail Address: [email protected], and Z. Li; E-mail Address: [email protected]State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, Hebei, ChinaSearch for more papers by this author, and Zhiyong Li†Corresponding authors: J. Dong; E-mail Address: [email protected], and Z. Li; E-mail Address: [email protected]https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6668-3009Institute of Millet Crops of Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, National Foxtail Millet Improvement Center, Minor Cereal Crops Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050035, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations Kang Zhang1 Lixia Jia2 Helong Si1 Jihong Xing1 Jingao Dong1 † Zhiyong Li3 † 1State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, Hebei, China 2Institute of Agricultural Information and Economics, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050035, China 3Institute of Millet Crops of Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, National Foxtail Millet Improvement Center, Minor Cereal Crops Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050035, China Published Online:20 Dec 2022https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-06-22-0191-AAboutSectionsPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat Genome AnnouncementThe basidiomycete Tilletia setariae, which can cause foxtail millet stinking smut disease, has become a severe detriment to millet production (Bijender 2011; Liu et al. 1997). It can reduce yield of foxtail millet, and a large number of fungal teliospores in diseased grains become a source of secondary infection in the millet fields. Foxtail millet stinking smut disease occurs in the millet producing areas of northern China, and the diseased spike rate of susceptible varieties can reach more than 30% in severe cases (Hao et al. 2020; Lata et al. 2013). Foxtail millets can be heavily infected by T. setariae after heading, and dark black spores produce in the ears. The membranes burst after the maturation of the spores, releasing a mist of black spores (Li et al. 2015). The released spores are the main sources of secondary infections in millet fields. At present, there are limited T. setariae-resistant varieties of foxtail millet, and disease resistance ability of plants decreases annually owing to repeated cultivation (Lata et al. 2013). To date, genome information for T. setariae is still lacking. A high-quality genome sequence and the dissection of molecular mechanisms of T. setariae infection are essential for a comprehensive understanding of pathogenesis and the development of disease control strategies and resistant cultivars.T. setariae strain WJ-1 was first isolated in Shijiazhuang (38°18′S, 114°98′E), Hebei Province, China. After being purified and cultured on potato dextrose agar medium for 7 days, samples were taken for DNA extraction assays. The extraction of genomic DNA extraction of T. setariae strain WJ-1 was performed using the Fungal DNA Maxi Kit (Omega Bio-tek, Inc.). The genomic DNA concentration was determined using a NanoDrop Spectrophotometer 2500 (Thermo Scientific) to ensure DNA quality for subsequent experiments. The genome sequencing of T. setariae WJ-1 was performed using a combination of single molecule real-time (SMRT) DNA sequencing and next-generation sequencing technology. For PacBio SMRT sequencing, the extracted DNA was broken into 8 to 10 kb fragments using the G-tube method (Rhoads et al. 2015), and the library was prepared using Pacific Biosciences SMRTbell Template Prep Kit. After the quality control of the sequencing data, 1,027,119 PacBio subreads and 10,067,311,905 total bases were generated, with an N50 of 1.58 Mb (Table 1), which were used for genome assembly. A second-generation sequencing library was constructed using the NovaSeq 6000 Reagent Kit with an average insert length of 300 bp, and the products were sequenced using an Illumina NovaSeq sequencing system (150 bp paired-end reads). After being trimmed, corrected, and filtered, 30,929,602 short-sequence clean pair reads and 4,698,469,829 clean bases (bp), with a Q30 > 92.26%, were generated. Comparative methods based on k-mer have become standard tools in genome analyses. Before assembly, the genome size was calculated by counting the k-mer frequency of the 19-mer read data, and approximately 23.8 Mb was predicted using GenomeScope 2.0.Table 1. Genome assembly statistics of Tilletia setariae WJ-1StatisticsWJ-1Number of scaffolds24Total size (bp)23,617,053N50 (bp)1,575,962N90 (bp)846,785Largest scaffold (bp)8,647,585Average length (bp)984,043GC content (%)55.8BUSCO completeness95.5%Gene number7,262Annotated gene number6,515Putative effector gene number201Table 1. Genome assembly statistics of Tilletia setariae WJ-1View as image HTML After PacBio subread correction, genome assembly was performed using Canu (v2.1), a software derived from Celera Assembler, with default parameters (Koren et al. 2017). SOAPdenovo2 (v2.04) and GapCloser (v1.12) were used for second-generation sequencing data assembly. Finally, the whole-genome sequencing data were assembled into 24 scaffolds with a genome size of approximately 23.52 Mb (Table 1). The N50 and N90 sizes of the genome scaffolds were 1,575,962 and 846,785 bp, respectively. Gene prediction programs, including Maker2 (v2.31.9), Augustus (v2.5.5), Snap, Evidence Modeler (v1.1.1), and GeneMark-ES (v2.3a) with default parameters (Haas et al. 2008; Holt and Yandell 2011; Johnson et al. 2008; Stanke et al. 2008; Ter-Hovhannisyan et al. 2008), were used to predict genes. With Augustus, Snap, Evidence Modeler, and GeneMark-ES for gene model dataset training and Maker2 for gene prediction, 7,262 genes were predicted in the genome of T. setariae strain WJ-1. A Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs (BUSCO v5.3) analysis based on evolutionarily informed expectations of gene contents was used for the quantitative assessment of the genome assembly and annotation completeness (Manni et al. 2021). The whole genome of T. setariae strain WJ-1 was assessed to be 95.5% complete, with 0.7% complete duplication, 2.4% fragmented, and 2.1% missing, by comparison to the fungi_obd10 database. In addition, 19,341 bp of repeat DNA sequences (0.08% of genome, included 40 SINEs, 164 LINEs, 2 LTRs, and 39 DNA transposons) were screened and marked using RepeatMasker 2.0 (Tempel 2012).Nonredundant, Swiss-prot, and Pfam databases were used for gene annotation, for which 6,499, 4,666, and 4,840 proteins were predicted, respectively (Famiglietti et al. 2019; Mistry et al. 2021; Pruitt et al. 2005). In total, 120 tRNA and 15 rRNA were predicted using tRNA-scan-SE (v2.0) and Barrnap (v0.8), respectively (Chan et al. 2021). Gene functional annotations were performed using several different databases, including Cluster of Orthologous Groups of proteins, Gene Ontology, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. In total, 5,267 genes were well annotated with at least one functional annotation (Galperin et al. 2021; Kanehisa and Goto 2000; Gene Ontology Consortium 2019). Carbohydrate plays an important role in many biological functions, and meaningful biological information can be obtained by studying carbohydrate-related enzymes. By comparing sequences with the Carbohydrate-Active enZYmes Database, we obtained 195 carbohydrate active enzyme-coding genes (Drula et al. 2022). Cytochrome P450 is a family of proteins supplemented by heme, and its members can catalyze the oxidation of many substrates. In the T. setariae WJ-1 genome, 130 proteins were identified as cytochrome P450 on the basis of the fungal Cytochrome P450 Database (Park et al. 2008). The predicted protein sequences were compared with the database of fungal virulence factors using Diamond software (E-value ≤ 1E-5), and 765 virulence-related genes were identified (Lu et al. 2012). Among them, 706 proteins were predicted as secreted proteins with SignalP 5.0 (José et al. 2019). Furthermore, 201 putative effectors were predicted by EffectorP 3.0 (Sperschneider et al. 2021), which were unique in T. setariae and functions were unknown. Previous studies show that precursor of trimethylamine in smut fungi and bacteria is choline (Somayyeh et al 2022), but the lack of homologous genes for choline production in T. setariae indicates that the biosynthetic pathway is different.In summary, we provided the first genome sequence and annotation of T. setariae. This resource will serve as a foundation for further studying the molecular mechanisms of pathogen pathogenicity/virulence, which in turn provides knowledge and tools for disease management.Data AvailabilityThe whole-genome sequences of T. setariae WJ-1 have been deposited in the DDBJ/ENA/GenBank database under the accession number JAMJXE000000000. 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Genome Res. 18:1979-1990. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.081612.108 Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google ScholarFunding: This study was supported by Natural Science Foundation of Hebei (C2021301062), HAAFS Science and Technology Innovation Special Project (2022KJCXZX-GZS-4), Basic Research Funds of Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science (2021030201), National Natural Science Foundation of China (31972217 and 32072369), Science Technology Key Projects in Hebei Province (19226503D), Central Government Guides Local Science and Technology Development Projects (206Z6501G and 216Z6502G), and HAAFS Basic Science and Technology Contract Project (HBNKY-BGZ-02).The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.DetailsFiguresLiterature CitedRelated Vol. 112, No. 12 December 2022SubscribeISSN:0031-949Xe-ISSN:1943-7684 DownloadCaptionConidia of Hyaloperonospora parasitica on flower stem of non-heading Chinese cabbage (Wang et al.). Photo credit: Ying Li Metrics Article History Issue Date: 27 Dec 2022Published: 20 Dec 2022Accepted: 13 Jul 2022 Pages: 2574-2576 Information© 2022 The American Phytopathological SocietyFunding Natural Science Foundation of HebeiGrant/Award Number: C2021301062 HAAFS Science and Technology Innovation Special ProjectGrant/Award Number: 2022KJCXZX-GZS-4 Basic Research Funds of Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry ScienceGrant/Award Number: 2021030201 National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaGrant/Award Number: 31972217Grant/Award Number: 32072369 Science Technology Key Projects in Hebei ProvinceGrant/Award Number: 19226503D Central Government Guides Local Science and Technology Development ProjectsGrant/Award Number: 206Z6501GGrant/Award Number: 216Z6502G HAAFS Basic Science and Technology Contract ProjectGrant/Award Number: HBNKY-BGZ-02 Keywordsfoxtail milletgenomeinfectionTilletia setariaeThe author(s) declare no conflict of interest.PDF download" @default.
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• W4312081967 title "The First Genome Sequence Resource of <i>Tilletia setariae</i>, the Causal Agent of Foxtail Millet Stinking Smut Disease" @default.
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