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• W4313005811 abstract "Rendering Visible the Climate: Humboldt’s 1817 Climate Zone Map Birgit Schneider (bio) Nobody can see the climate. According to today’s encyclopedias, climate is primarily defined in mathematical terms of long-term statistical weather patterns. In the beginnings of climate research around 1800, however, climate was not yet determined solely by measurements of instruments such as thermometers or barometers, but equally by its significance for the perception of human senses and its influence on human feelings. Alexander von Humboldt wrote, “[t]he term climate, in its most general sense, encompasses all changes in the atmosphere by which our organs are noticeably affected” (Kosmos 340), and he listed all dynamic states of the atmosphere such as humidity, wind, air pressure, electrical voltage, air purity or the degree of cloudiness. These weather phenomena, Humboldt continued, did not only influence soil temperature, plant growth and ripening times of fruit, but were equally important “for the feelings and the entire mood of the human soul” (340). In this formulation Humboldt emphasized the influence of climate on all living beings of the earth, but also on the senses of humans. He understood climate as an original aesthetic object, as an aesthetic of the atmosphere in which people are holistically immersed in their surroundings. For Humboldt, climate determines the forms of existence.1 [End Page 545] Humboldt’s climate zone map is known as the first data visualization of climate zones. In what follows, I analyze the historical conditions that led to this visualization of climate data. Today we are used to thematic maps and data visualizations on every subject, and visualizing methods have become the dominant tool for making a select peak of the so-called ‘data iceberg’ visible. None of that existed two hundred years ago, but a new approach to aesthetics, developed by Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten at the end of the eighteenth century, and Humboldt’s own high esteem for visual thinking, measurements, interrelatedness, synoptic, and cartographic methods led to a new paradigm to deal with data. Because of the specific interaction of factual knowledge and sensual thinking, historians of science have called this approach Humboldtian science (cf. Cannon). Measurements had been collected for centuries before, but until the early nineteenth century data was visualized only rarely. By translating data into lines, Humboldt not only paved the way for data visualization but also established a model for modern climatology. Weather Data in the Eighteenth Century The annual Ephemerides, published by the Mannheimer Meteorologische Gesellschaft (Mannheim Palatine Meteorological Society), contained the first weather data systematically collected over a long period of time. The network of the Society, founded in 1780 by Prince-elector Karl Theodor, consisted of nearly forty international measuring stations, reaching from Europe to Greenland and North America. For years, so called “Tabellenknechte” (“spreadsheet servants”)2 took measurements in the observatories three times a day with standardized instruments and at fixed hours. Only disciplined and trustworthy members of the society such as astronomers, but also doctors, teachers or other public servants were asked to gather data. The resulting impressive set of tables was published in twelve volumes between 1783 and 1795. The Mannheim Ephemerides is thus the first comprehensive data collection that compiled meteorological observations of the largest measurement network of its time. From the point of view of today’s standard of data visualization, one could ask why the weather data remained formatted in tabular form for so long and why a visualization in the form of curves or maps was not considered earlier. The Mannheim weather archivists had clearly [End Page 546] placed their emphasis on data documentation and not on data analysis. It was not until 1816 that the physicist Heinrich Wilhelm Brandes retrospectively drew up weather maps for the year 1783 on the basis of the Ephemerides. And only in 1817 did Alexander von Humboldt produce independently a climate zone map based on all the meteorological data he could get hold of at that time: the data sets in the Ephemerides, but also other measurement series, some of them dating back to the 1770s. The initial question of this article regarding the timing of these visualizations follows the historiographical inquiry into the conditions of knowledge and their..." @default.
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• W4313005811 date "2022-04-01" @default.
• W4313005811 modified "2023-10-17" @default.
• W4313005811 title "Rendering Visible the Climate: Humboldt’s 1817 Climate Zone Map" @default.
• W4313005811 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/mln.2022.0038" @default.
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