FRINK Linked Data Fragments server

Matches in SemOpenAlex for { <https://semopenalex.org/work/W4313137376> ?p ?o ?g. }

• W4313137376 abstract "Article Figures and data Abstract Editor's evaluation eLife digest Introduction Results Discussion Materials and methods Appendix 1 Appendix 2 Appendix 3 Data availability References Decision letter Author response Article and author information Metrics Abstract Addressing global biodiversity loss requires an expanded focus on multiple dimensions of biodiversity. While most studies have focused on the consequences of plant interspecific diversity, our mechanistic understanding of how genetic diversity within plant species affects plant productivity remains limited. Here, we use a tree species × genetic diversity experiment to disentangle the effects of species diversity and genetic diversity on tree productivity, and how they are related to tree functional diversity and trophic feedbacks. We found that tree species diversity increased tree productivity via increased tree functional diversity, reduced soil fungal diversity, and marginally reduced herbivory. The effects of tree genetic diversity on productivity via functional diversity and soil fungal diversity were negative in monocultures but positive in the mixture of the four tree species tested. Given the complexity of interactions between species and genetic diversity, tree functional diversity and trophic feedbacks on productivity, we suggest that both tree species and genetic diversity should be considered in afforestation. Editor's evaluation This study uses a landmark experiment to provide compelling evidence that two mechanisms (increased trait space and biological interaction through herbivores and soil fungi) interact with intra- and interspecific genetic diversity to promote forest productivity. These results will be important to foresters and molecular ecologists looking to improve their practices to increase or maintain forest ecosystem functions. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.78703.sa0 Decision letter Reviews on Sciety eLife's review process eLife digest Biodiversity, the richness of species in a given ecosystem, is essential for maintaining ecological functions. This is supported by many long-term biodiversity experiments where researchers manipulated the numbers of tree species they planted in a forest and then evaluated both its productivity (how much biological material the forest produced in a given timeframe) and the health of its trees. This work contributed to our understanding of forest ecology and paved the way for better reforestation approaches. The most important observation was that diverse forests, which contain several tree species, are more productive and healthier than monocultures where a single tree species dominates. However, it remained unclear what the role of genetic diversity within individual tree species is in determining productivity and health of forests. Tang, Zhang et al. set out to improve on previous studies on tree genetic diversity and community productivity by looking at two possible mechanisms that might affect the productivity of a forest ecosystem using publicly available data. First, they looked at the diversity of traits found within a tree population, which determines what resources in the ecosystem the trees can exploit; for example, trees with varied specific leaf areas (that is the ratio between a leaf’s area and its dry mass) have more access to different intensities of sunlight for photosynthesis, allowing the whole forest to gain more biomass. Second, they considered interactions with other organisms such as herbivore animals and soil fungi that affect tree growth by either consuming their leaves or competing for the same resources. Tang, Zhang et al. used a mathematical model to interpret a complex dataset that includes multiple parameters for each of four types of forest: a forest with a single tree species seeded from a single parent tree (which will have low species and genetic diversity), a forest with a single tree species seeded from several parent trees (low species diversity and high genetic diversity, due to the diversity of parents), a forest with four tree species each seeded from a single parent tree (high species diversity and low genetic diversity), and a forest with four tree species each seeded from several parent trees (high species and genetic diversity). Using their model, Tang, Zhang et al. determined that species diversity promotes productivity because the increased diversity of traits allows trees to exploit more of the surrounding resources. Genetic diversity, on the other hand, did not seem to have a direct effect on overall productivity. However, greater genetic diversity did coincide with an increase in the diversity of traits in forests with a single tree species, which led to a decrease in damage to tree leaves by herbivores. This suggests that high genetic diversity in species-rich forests is likely also beneficial as herbivores are less able to damage tree foliage. As expected, in single-species forests with both low and high genetic diversity, higher soil fungi diversity was associated with a loss in productivity. Interestingly, in forests that had high species and genetic diversity, this effect was reversed, and higher genetic diversity reduced the loss of productivity caused by soil fungi, resulting in higher productivity overall. These results should be considered in reforestation projects to promote genetic diversity of trees on top of species diversity when replanting. How genetic diversity leads to downstream mechanisms that benefit community productivity is not fully understood and future research could look at what specific genetic features matter most to help select the ideal mixture of trees to maximize productivity and increase the land’s ecological and economic value. Introduction Biodiversity is essential for maintaining ecosystem functioning and nature’s contributions to people (Cardinale et al., 2012; Diaz et al., 2019). Ongoing biodiversity loss has received widespread concern from the international community (Ceballos et al., 2015). Expanding our research focus to multiple dimensions of biodiversity helps us to better predict the consequences of biodiversity loss and prioritize the different dimensions of biodiversity in conservation efforts (Cardinale et al., 2012). Whereas many studies related to biodiversity–ecosystem functioning (BEF) have focused on how interspecific diversity (e.g., the number of species) affects key ecosystem functions such as plant productivity (Hector et al., 1999; Huang et al., 2018; Tilman et al., 2001), relatively few have addressed the effects of intraspecific diversity (such as genetic variation within a species). Furthermore, the effects of intraspecific diversity show an inconsistent picture: genetic diversity has promoted plant community productivity in herbaceous plant communities (Crutsinger et al., 2006; Kotowska et al., 2010) but not in forests (Bongers et al., 2020; Fischer et al., 2017). To get a better understanding of how genetic diversity influences plant productivity in forests and thereby help guiding afforestation priorities, we need to disentangle the underlying mechanisms. Functional trait diversity, in short functional diversity, is expected to promote community productivity because different species or genotypes with diverse traits may use resources in complementary ways and then enhance the total utilization of resources in the whole community (Diaz and Cabido, 2001; Figure 1a). Thus, functional diversity, mostly quantified as the variation of species functional trait means in a plant community, has been used to explain how plant species diversity impacts plant productivity (Cadotte et al., 2011; Diaz et al., 2007; Hillebrand and Matthiessen, 2009). Although genetic diversity has been shown to cause substantial trait variation within species (Bongers et al., 2020), and intraspecific trait variation may have strong effects on plant productivity (Des Roches et al., 2018; Koricheva et al., 2018), the extent to which genetic diversity can influence tree productivity through increased functional diversity is still unclear. Figure 1 Download asset Open asset Conceptual illustration of the effects of functional diversity (a) and trophic feedbacks on tree productivity (b) and the species × genetic diversity experimental design (c). (a) shows resources for plant growth or other trophic groups in complementary ways due to functional diversity: the four hypothetical species/genotypes (A, B, C, D) with different functional traits (indicated by colored leaves) are able to use a heterogeneous resource (indicated by colored segments), thereby resulting in increased plant growth or providing niche opportunities for other trophic groups (Diaz and Cabido, 2001). (b) shows the mechanism of trophic feedbacks: with the increase in species diversity (SD) or genetic diversity (GD), negative feedbacks of enemies (e.g., herbivores) on tree productivity decrease due to diluted densities (Duffy, 2003) and positive feedbacks of mutualists on tree productivity increase due to increased diversity (e.g., mycorrhizal fungi; Semchenko et al., 2018). (c) We represent tree species and genetic diversity by the number of species and seed families (all seeds from the same mother tree are defined as a single seed family), respectively. Species diversity and genetic diversity per plot were both 1 or 4, resulting in a full factorial design of species × genetic diversity. We hypothesize that the positive effects of tree genetic diversity should be stronger in tree species monocultures (Sp-mono) than mixtures (Sp-mix). Trophic feedbacks, which result from the interactions of plants of different species or genotypes with other trophic groups, have been suggested as an additional mechanism underpinning positive biodiversity effects (Laforest-Lapointe et al., 2017). Trophic feedbacks can enhance the performance of species or genotype mixtures either by reducing herbivore damage through enhancing the diversity of nutrient traits (Wetzel et al., 2016) and chemical traits (Bustos-Segura et al., 2017) or enhancing diversity of beneficial mutualists (e.g., mycorrhizal fungi; Semchenko et al., 2018; Figure 1b). These trophic feedbacks can be affected by plant functional diversity (Schuldt et al., 2019) and other factors (e.g., structural diversity; Schuldt et al., 2019), which may provide more niche opportunities for other trophic groups. However, whereas many studies have analyzed how plant diversity influences other trophic groups (Scherber et al., 2010; Schuldt et al., 2019) or how trophic interactions affect plant performance (Eisenhauer, 2012; Semchenko et al., 2018), the effects of plant diversity on other trophic groups and the feedbacks of these on productivity have rarely been analyzed in combination. In real-world ecosystems, plant species diversity and genetic diversity can hardly be expected to influence ecosystems separately (Vellend and Geber, 2005). Previous studies of herbaceous plant communities have shown that the intensity of competition among species can be lowered by increased genetic diversity, which modifies the relationship between plant species diversity and plant productivity (Schöb et al., 2015). Likewise, the relative extent of plant intraspecific variation in functional traits, partly due to genetic diversity, has been shown to decrease with the increase in species diversity (Siefert et al., 2015). Although there are few forest experimental studies in which species and genetic diversity are simultaneously manipulated, most of them only compared their relative importance on ecosystem functions (Abdala‐Roberts et al., 2015; Koricheva et al., 2018), and we barely know their interactive effects via functional diversity and trophic feedbacks on plant productivity. Here, we disentangle how tree species diversity and genetic diversity affect tree community productivity via the impact of tree functional diversity and trophic feedbacks. We use data from a long-term tree species × genetic diversity experiment in a subtropical forest (Bruelheide et al., 2014; Biodiversity–Ecosystem Functioning Experiment China Platform [BEF-China], https://www.bef-china.com). Tree species diversity (one or four species per plot) and genetic diversity (one or four seed families per species per plot) were manipulated in a factorial design to generate four plant diversity levels (Figure 1c). We measured five morphological and chemical leaf traits, which have been shown to relate to resource acquisition (Cornelissen et al., 2003) and can have substantial variation both among and within species (Albert et al., 2010). Functional diversity was calculated as the variation of these five traits among seed families (Laliberté and Legendre, 2010). We quantified trophic interactions either by direct measurements of interactions (i.e., herbivory) or using the diversity of the trophic group (i.e., soil fungi) as a proxy to capture unspecific interactions potentially underpinning BEF relationships (Delgado-Baquerizo et al., 2016). Specifically, we tested whether tree species and genetic diversity increased tree community productivity via increased functional diversity (Figure 1a) and trophic feedbacks (Figure 1b). Furthermore, we tested whether the effects of genetic diversity were more important in species monocultures than in species mixtures because in the latter case genetic diversity between species may compensate for genetic diversity within species (Figure 1c). Results Direct bivariate relationships between tree diversity, trophic interactions, and tree community productivity Using linear mixed-model analyses, we tested the effects of species diversity and genetic diversity within species on trophic interactions and community productivity. Overall, tree community productivity was significantly higher in the four-species mixture than in the four-species monocultures (Figure 2a), while genetic richness had no main effect on tree productivity in the bivariate analyses (Figure 2a). Tree functional diversity was higher in the species mixture than in the species monocultures and was also higher in genetic mixtures than genetic monocultures (Figure 2b). The effects of genetic diversity on tree functional diversity, herbivore leaf damage, and soil fungal diversity differed between species monocultures and species mixtures. Tree functional diversity in four seed-family species monocultures was larger than in one seed-family species monocultures but did not differ between species mixtures with four or one seed family per species (Figure 2b). However, when we calculated functional diversity based on measurements taken on individual trees rather than based on seed-family means, only species diversity but not genetic diversity had effects on tree functional diversity (Figure 2—figure supplement 1), indicating additional within-seed-family variation masking some of the between-seed-family variation. Furthermore, both herbivore leaf damage and soil fungal diversity were similar in one and four seed-family species monocultures but lower in species mixtures with four than species mixtures with one seed family per species (Figure 2c and d). Due to the equal representation of seed families across tree diversity treatments (Appendix 1—table 1), we did not find any significant effects of tree species and genetic diversity effects on community-weighted means (CWMs) of tree functional traits (Appendix 2—table 1). Figure 2 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Tree community productivity, tree functional diversity, and trophic interactions in tree communities of low vs. high species and genetic richness. The following effects were tested in linear mixed-effects models (LMMs) (n=92): species richness main effect (left vs. right pair of bars in each panel), genetic richness main effect (inset on upper left in each panel), genetic richness effect within each species richness level (arrows between bars within pairs). (a) tree community productivity, (b) tree functional diversity, (c) herbivore leaf damage, and (d) soil fungal diversity. The lower and upper hinges of the bars correspond to the first and third quartiles (the 25th and 75th percentiles); the lower and upper whisker extends from the hinge correspond to 1.5 * interquartile range (third quartiles - first quartiles). Asterisks indicate statistical significance (*** p<0.0001, ** p<0.001, * p<0.05); solid arrow indicates (p<0.05, without arrow indicates p>0.1). Details of the fitted models are given in Appendix 2—table 1. Tree functional diversity calculated using either seed-family means or individual tree values had positive overall effects on community productivity, but this effect was mainly due to an increase in functional diversity from species monocultures to mixtures (Figure 3a, Figure 3—figure supplement 1). Herbivore leaf damage and soil fungal diversity showed negative overall effects on tree productivity (marginally significant for herbivory and significant for fungal diversity; Figure 3b and c). Furthermore, the effects of herbivore damage were different between genetic monocultures and genetic mixtures in species monocultures (Figure 3b), while the effects of soil fungal diversity were different between genetic monocultures and genetic mixtures in the species mixture (Figure 3c). Figure 3 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Bivariate relationships between tree community productivity and tree functional diversity (a), herbivory (b), and soil fungal diversity (c). Green unfilled/dashed symbols represent genetic monocultures in species monocultures, green filled/solid symbols represent genetic monocultures in species mixture, orange unfilled/dashed symbols represent genetic mixtures in species monocultures, orange filled/solid symbols represent genetic mixture in species mixture. FDis, tree functional diversity; Herb, herbivore damage; Fungal, soil fungal diversity; Sp-mono, species monocultures; Sp-mix, species mixtures; SD, species diversity; GD, genetic diversity. ‘:’ indicates the interaction effects. Asterisks indicate statistical significance (*** p < 0.0001, ** p < 0.001, * p < 0.05, + p < 0.1, and ns p > 0.1). Functional diversity and trophic feedbacks explain the effects of tree species and genetic diversity on tree productivity Tree species and genetic diversity promoted tree community productivity as well as trophic interactions primarily indirectly through functional diversity (Figure 4). The increase in functional diversity was larger for increasing species diversity than for increasing genetic diversity (standardized path coefficient = 0.960 vs. 0.074, Figure 4). Herbivory and soil fungal diversity reduced tree community productivity (Figure 4, see also Figure 3b and c). Overall, tree diversity had contrasting effects on tree community productivity through different mechanisms: species and genetic diversity promoted tree functional diversity, which increased productivity directly but reduced it indirectly via negative feedbacks of herbivory and soil fungal diversity. However, species and genetic diversity also had positive indirect effects on community productivity via reduced soil fungal diversity (and genetic diversity additionally via reduced herbivory; Figure 4). Whereas tree functional diversity and trophic feedbacks explained all effects of tree species diversity on productivity, there remained a direct negative effect of tree genetic diversity on productivity, which could not be explained by the measured covariates (Figure 4). The analysis that functional diversity calculated from measurements on individual trees also showed that tree species diversity and genetic diversity affect community productivity via tree functional diversity and trophic feedbacks, although the effects of functional diversity were less pronounced (Figure 4—figure supplement 1), possibly because functional diversity calculated from individual trees included more response functional diversity (Sapijanskas et al., 2014) than did functional diversity calculated form seed-family means. Additionally, removing the path between genetic diversity and functional diversity did not change the remaining results we found by using functional diversity calculated from seed-family means (Figure 4, Appendix 3—figure 1). Figure 4 with 2 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Effects of tree diversity on higher trophic levels and tree community productivity (global Fisher’s C = 1.677, DF = 4, p = 0.795). Positive and negative paths are indicated in green and orange, respectively. The standardized path coefficients are indicated by the numbers, statistical significance is indicated by asterisks (*** p < 0.0001, ** p< 0.001, * p < 0.05, and + p < 0.1), and the explained variance of dependent variables is indicated by the percentage values. The gray dashed line indicates a nonsignificant (p > 0.1) pathway in the final model. The direct effect of tree species diversity on tree community productivity was removed in the model because it was not significant (p > 0.5) and the removal reduced the AICc by more than 2 (ΔAICc = 3.269). Effects of tree genetic diversity in species monocultures and species mixtures When the above analysis was split into two (Figure 5), in contrast to our hypothesis, we found that tree genetic diversity negatively affected community productivity via functional diversity and soil fungal diversity in species monocultures and had positive effects via soil fungal diversity in the species mixture (see also Figures 2b and 3a). The results obtained with functional traits calculated from measurements on individual trees showed weaker effects of genetic diversity on functional diversity (path coefficient = 0.193 vs. 0.883) but did not change the significance and direction of the effects of genetic diversity on productivity via functional diversity in species monocultures. Additionally, the effects of functional diversity on tree productivity in species mixtures were positive when using functional diversity calculated from measurements on individual trees but were nonsignificant when using functional diversity calculated from seed-family means (Figure 5, Figure 5—figure supplement 1). Positive indirect effects through herbivory (resulting from two negative paths from genetic diversity to herbivory and form herbivory to community productivity) were similar in both species monocultures and mixtures. Using functional diversity calculated from measurements on individual trees did not change the effects of genetic diversity via trophic feedbacks, except that the effects of herbivory on productivity became nonsignificant from marginally significant. When we excluded the effects of genetic diversity on functional diversity in the analyses using functional diversity calculated from seed-family means, the remaining path coefficients did not change (Figure 5, Appendix 3—figure 2). The negative indirect effect of genetic diversity on community productivity via functional diversity in species monocultures, which contrasts with the combined analysis, was counterbalanced by a positive direct effect of genetic diversity on productivity, indicating that other aspects than those included with the five functional traits measured were important. Figure 5 with 2 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Effects of tree genetic diversity on higher trophic levels and tree community productivity in tree species monocultures (a) and the mixture of the four tree species (b). The results were obtained by a multigroup structural equation models (SEM) (global Fisher’s C = 3.416, DF = 4, p = 0.491). Positive and negative paths are indicated in green and orange, respectively. The standardized path coefficients are indicated by the numbers, and statistical significance is indicated by asterisks (*** p < 0.0001, ** p < 0.001, * p < 0.05, and + p < 0.1). Gray dashed lines indicate nonsignificant (p > 0.1) pathways in the final model. The nonsignificant path from tree functional diversity to soil fungal diversity was removed because the removal decreased the AICc by more than 2 (ΔAICc = 2.176). Multigroup SEM analyses first test the interaction (explanatory variable × groups) in the whole model using the full dataset and then estimate the local coefficient for each path by using different datasets (the full dataset or group sub-datasets [species richness = 1 or 4, respectively]) depending on the significance of explanatory variable × groups interactions. Thus, we could not get the percentage of the explained variance in the local multi-group SEM model. All the paths were allowed to be different between species monocultures and mixtures (none of the paths was constrained manually beforehand); the interaction statistics of the multigroup model, and the explained variance of the whole model for each response is shown in Appendix 2—table 5. Discussion Our study demonstrates that manipulating tree species and genetic diversity in a factorial design can reveal effects of both as well as their interaction on measured ecosystem variables. Regarding our first hypothesis, we found that tree species diversity and genetic diversity can increase tree community productivity via increased functional diversity and trophic feedbacks as predicted. This suggests complementary resource-use and biotic niches, respectively, as mechanisms underpinning the biodiversity effects (Turnbull et al., 2016). Nevertheless, compared with the effects of species diversity, the effects of genetic diversity on tree community productivity through functional diversity were weaker, whereas the effects of genetic diversity on trophic interactions were strong (see Figure 4, Figure 4—figure supplement 1), indicating that the mechanisms underpinning the effects of genetic diversity may in part differ from those underpinning the effects of species diversity, as we will discuss below. Regarding our second hypothesis, we found that the effects of tree genetic diversity on productivity via functional diversity and soil fungal diversity were negative in tree species monocultures but positive in the species mixture, which differed from our predictions. In the following, we discuss these results in more detail. Tree species and genetic diversity drive tree community productivity mainly via functional diversity and trophic feedbacks Although only species diversity but not genetic diversity was found to affect tree productivity in binary analyses, both kinds of diversity positively affected tree community productivity and trophic interactions via functional diversity according to our structural equation models (SEMs) depicted in the corresponding path-analysis diagrams (see Figure 4). Tree functional diversity appeared to enhance complementary resource acquisition at community level (Kahmen et al., 2006; Marquard et al., 2009; Williams et al., 2017), which consequently enhanced tree community productivity. Meanwhile, tree functional diversity also provided more niche opportunities to benefit generalist herbivores and soil fungi, which reduced tree community productivity, as has been found for these tree species in a parallel field study nearby (Brezzi et al., 2017). It is expected that herbivory has negative effects on plant productivity via the reduction of leaf area (Zvereva et al., 2012) and photosynthesis of remaining leaves (Nabity et al., 2009), and via trade-offs between growth and herbivore defense (Züst and Agrawal, 2017). The negative effects of soil fungal diversity on productivity correspond with the finding that the majority of these fungi were saprophytes (Appendix 2—figure 1), competing with plants for resources (Kaye and Hart, 1997; van der Heijden et al., 2008). Indeed, in a related study in the same region, the diversity of saprophytic fungi had been found to decrease ecosystem multifunctionality (Schuldt et al., 2018). Indirect positive effects of species and genetic diversity – remaining after accounting for paths via functional diversity – via reduced herbivory and soil fungal diversity further increased community productivity (see Figure 4). This finding corresponds to previous findings that plant diversity may reduce negative feedbacks of other trophic groups by decreasing the density and diversity of specialist enemies (e.g., Duffy, 2003; Jactel and Brockerhoff, 2007). To account for possible effects of functional diversity within seed families, we also calculated functional diversity based on measurements of individual trees (see ‘Materials and methods’). Overall, the results from this novel method still support our hypotheses that tree species diversity and genetic diversity affect community productivity via tree functional diversity and multi-trophic feedbacks (Figure 4—figure supplement 1), although compared with the typically used ‘mean’ method, the novel method includes more variation among individuals, which partly reflects responses of traits to the particular local environment (Sapijanskas et al., 2014); and this may have blurred the mean effects of tree genetic diversity and species diversity (Figure 4, Figure 4—figure supplement 1). At the same time, the results indicate that the seed-family means method may bring an artifact to the effect of genetic diversity on functional diversity because of the zero value of functional diversity in genetic monocultures of single species (1.1 communities). However, excluding the path between genetic diversity and functional diversity did not affect remaining paths, indicating that the partly artificial relationship between genetic diversity and functional diversity did not distort the path model in general (Figure 4, Appendix 3—figure 1). Even after accounting for tree functional diversity and tr" @default.
• W4313137376 created "2023-01-06" @default.
• W4313137376 creator A5079979298 @default.
• W4313137376 date "2022-05-25" @default.
• W4313137376 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W4313137376 title "Editor's evaluation: Tree species and genetic diversity increase productivity via functional diversity and trophic feedbacks" @default.
• W4313137376 doi "https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.78703.sa0" @default.
• W4313137376 hasPublicationYear "2022" @default.
• W4313137376 type Work @default.
• W4313137376 citedByCount "0" @default.
• W4313137376 crossrefType "peer-review" @default.
• W4313137376 hasAuthorship W4313137376A5079979298 @default.
• W4313137376 hasBestOaLocation W43131373761 @default.
• W4313137376 hasConcept C113174947 @default.
• W4313137376 hasConcept C134306372 @default.
• W4313137376 hasConcept C139719470 @default.
• W4313137376 hasConcept C144024400 @default.
• W4313137376 hasConcept C149923435 @default.
• W4313137376 hasConcept C162324750 @default.
• W4313137376 hasConcept C18903297 @default.
• W4313137376 hasConcept C19165224 @default.
• W4313137376 hasConcept C204983608 @default.
• W4313137376 hasConcept C205649164 @default.
• W4313137376 hasConcept C2781316041 @default.
• W4313137376 hasConcept C2908647359 @default.
• W4313137376 hasConcept C2988890453 @default.
• W4313137376 hasConcept C33923547 @default.
• W4313137376 hasConcept C72958200 @default.
• W4313137376 hasConcept C81977670 @default.
• W4313137376 hasConcept C86803240 @default.
• W4313137376 hasConceptScore W4313137376C113174947 @default.
• W4313137376 hasConceptScore W4313137376C134306372 @default.
• W4313137376 hasConceptScore W4313137376C139719470 @default.
• W4313137376 hasConceptScore W4313137376C144024400 @default.
• W4313137376 hasConceptScore W4313137376C149923435 @default.
• W4313137376 hasConceptScore W4313137376C162324750 @default.
• W4313137376 hasConceptScore W4313137376C18903297 @default.
• W4313137376 hasConceptScore W4313137376C19165224 @default.
• W4313137376 hasConceptScore W4313137376C204983608 @default.
• W4313137376 hasConceptScore W4313137376C205649164 @default.
• W4313137376 hasConceptScore W4313137376C2781316041 @default.
• W4313137376 hasConceptScore W4313137376C2908647359 @default.
• W4313137376 hasConceptScore W4313137376C2988890453 @default.
• W4313137376 hasConceptScore W4313137376C33923547 @default.
• W4313137376 hasConceptScore W4313137376C72958200 @default.
• W4313137376 hasConceptScore W4313137376C81977670 @default.
• W4313137376 hasConceptScore W4313137376C86803240 @default.
• W4313137376 hasLocation W43131373761 @default.
• W4313137376 hasOpenAccess W4313137376 @default.
• W4313137376 hasPrimaryLocation W43131373761 @default.
• W4313137376 hasRelatedWork W1408901598 @default.
• W4313137376 hasRelatedWork W1985194763 @default.
• W4313137376 hasRelatedWork W2006092759 @default.
• W4313137376 hasRelatedWork W2163438245 @default.
• W4313137376 hasRelatedWork W2580130883 @default.
• W4313137376 hasRelatedWork W2618321390 @default.
• W4313137376 hasRelatedWork W2954913055 @default.
• W4313137376 hasRelatedWork W3148932903 @default.
• W4313137376 hasRelatedWork W4234073578 @default.
• W4313137376 hasRelatedWork W4311471411 @default.
• W4313137376 isParatext "false" @default.
• W4313137376 isRetracted "false" @default.
• W4313137376 workType "peer-review" @default.