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• W4313176906 endingPage "2569" @default.
• W4313176906 startingPage "2543" @default.
• W4313176906 abstract "Testosterone, the main endogenous active androgen, is used to treat many clinical conditions, such as hypogonadism, infertility, erectile dysfunction, osteoporosis, anemia, and in transgender therapy (female-to-male transsexuals). Androgens are also used by athletes to enhance performance and endurance, and by nonathlete weightlifters or bodybuilders to enhance muscle development and strength. Accordingly, testosterone and other anabolic-androgenic steroids are the main class of appearance and performance enhancing drugs (APEDs), i.e., substances used to improve appearance by building muscle mass or to enhance athletic performance.Testosterone and other androgens, mainly at supraphysiological levels, affect every single body tissue or system, including the cardiovascular system. Testosterone increases cardiovascular disease risk, causes myocardial infarction, stroke, high blood pressure, blood clots, and heart failure. Among the potential mechanisms whereby testosterone affects the cardiovascular system, both indirect and direct actions have been reported. Indirect actions of testosterone on the cardiovascular system include changes in the lipid profile, insulin sensitivity, and hemostatic mechanisms, modulation of the sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Direct actions of testosterone in the cardiovascular system involves activation of proinflammatory and redox processes, decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, and stimulation of vasoconstrictor signaling pathways.This chapter focuses on the effects of androgens, mainly testosterone, on the vascular system. The effects of testosterone on endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells, as well as mechanisms involved in the effects of testosterone will be reviewed. Effects of testosterone on the perivascular adipose tissue, the immune, sympathetic, and renin-angiotensin systems will also be mentioned.KeywordsAndrogen receptorCardiovascularContractionCyclooxygenaseEndothelial cellEndothelium-derived factorsNitric oxideRelaxationTestosteroneVascular smooth muscle cellPerivascular adipose tissue" @default.
• W4313176906 created "2023-01-06" @default.
• W4313176906 creator A5012441260 @default.
• W4313176906 creator A5060902806 @default.
• W4313176906 creator A5081286367 @default.
• W4313176906 date "2022-01-01" @default.
• W4313176906 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W4313176906 title "High Testosterone Levels: Impact on the Heart" @default.
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