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• W4313253619 abstract "In recent years, sustainable energy development has become a major theme of research. The combination of solar heating and daytime radiative cooling has the potential to build a competitive strategy to alleviate current environmental and energy problems. Several studies on the combination of daytime radiative cooling and solar heating have been reported to improve energy utilization efficiency. However, most integrations still have a low solar/mid-infrared spectrum regulation range, low heating/cooling performance, and poor stability. To promote this technology further for real-world applications, herein we summarize the latest progress, technical features, bottlenecks, and future opportunities for the current integration of daytime radiative cooling and solar heating through the switch mode (including electrical, thermal-responsive, and mechanical regulations) and collaborative mode. In recent years, sustainable energy development has become a major theme of research. The combination of solar heating and daytime radiative cooling has the potential to build a competitive strategy to alleviate current environmental and energy problems. Several studies on the combination of daytime radiative cooling and solar heating have been reported to improve energy utilization efficiency. However, most integrations still have a low solar/mid-infrared spectrum regulation range, low heating/cooling performance, and poor stability. To promote this technology further for real-world applications, herein we summarize the latest progress, technical features, bottlenecks, and future opportunities for the current integration of daytime radiative cooling and solar heating through the switch mode (including electrical, thermal-responsive, and mechanical regulations) and collaborative mode. Buildings consume around 30% of the global energy and contribute to about 20% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Approximately 50% of the energy is consumed during space heating and cooling.1Department of EnergyHeating and cooling.www.energy.gov/heating-coolingGoogle Scholar,2Li T. Zhai Y. He S. Gan W. Wei Z. Heidarinejad M. Dalgo D. Mi R. Zhao X. Song J. A radiative cooling structural material.Science. 2019; 364: 760-763Crossref PubMed Scopus (671) Google Scholar,3Zhao D. Aili A. Zhai Y. Xu S. Tan G. Yin X. Yang R. Radiative sky cooling: Fundamental principles, materials, and applications.Appl. Phys. Rev. 2019; 6021306Crossref PubMed Scopus (348) Google Scholar,4Ürge-Vorsatz D. Lucon O. Akbari H. Bertoldi P. Cabeza L. Eyre N. Gadgil A. Harvey D. Jiang Y. Liphoto E. Climate Change 2014: Mitigation. Chapter 9: Buildings; Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, 2014Google Scholar,5Zhao D. Aili A. Yin X. Tan G. Yang R. Roof-integrated radiative air-cooling system to achieve cooler attic for building energy saving.Energy Build. 2019; 203109453Crossref Scopus (60) Google Scholar Greenhouse gas emissions are the major challenge of the current energy model, which significantly impacts the climate and environment. Among the sustainable energy sources, solar heating6Mandal J. Wang D. Overvig A.C. Shi N.N. Paley D. Zangiabadi A. Cheng Q. Barmak K. Yu N. Yang Y. Scalable, “dip-and-dry” fabrication of a wide-angle plasmonic selective absorber for high-efficiency solar–thermal energy conversion.Adv. Mater. 2017; 291702156Google Scholar,7Li X. Xie W. Zhu J. Interfacial solar steam/vapor generation for heating and cooling.Adv. Sci. 2022; 9e2104181Google Scholar and daytime radiative cooling8Raman A.P. Anoma M.A. Zhu L. Rephaeli E. Fan S. Passive radiative cooling below ambient air temperature under direct sunlight.Nature. 2014; 515: 540-544Crossref PubMed Scopus (1658) Google Scholar,9Mandal J. Fu Y. Overvig A.C. Jia M. Sun K. Shi N.N. Zhou H. Xiao X. Yu N. Yang Y. Hierarchically porous polymer coatings for highly efficient passive daytime radiative cooling.Science. 2018; 362: 315-319Crossref PubMed Scopus (856) Google Scholar are expected to provide competitive strategies to resolve these problems. Solar heating, which is the absorption of sunlight and the generation of heat through the thermal vibration of molecules, is widely applied in real-world situations. The ideal spectrum for solar heating is the one with high solar absorptivity (α) (0.2–2 μm) and low emissivity (ϵ) in the radiative spectrum (∼2–20 μm). Nighttime radiative cooling can only work at night because the cooling materials cannot adequately reflect solar energy. In 2014, Raman et al.8Raman A.P. Anoma M.A. Zhu L. Rephaeli E. Fan S. Passive radiative cooling below ambient air temperature under direct sunlight.Nature. 2014; 515: 540-544Crossref PubMed Scopus (1658) Google Scholar first demonstrated the daytime radiative cooling concept by designing an integrated photonic solar reflector (with >97% reflectance) and a thermal emitter (exhibiting high emission in the atmospheric transparency window) consisting of seven alternating HfO2/SiO2 layers. The principle is that materials can effectively reflect sunlight and achieve cooling by radiating energy into deep space through the atmospheric window (8–13 μm). Ambient conditions and the optical and thermal properties of materials significantly affect the device performance. The maximum radiative cooling power was ∼120 W/m2.10Eriksson T.S. Granqvist C.G. Radiative cooling computed for model atmospheres.Appl. Opt. 1982; 21: 4381-4388Crossref PubMed Scopus (104) Google Scholar Most buildings are located in a dynamic environment (including climate zone dependence and diurnal, seasonal, and energy price fluctuations), which can compromise the efficacy of single-mode devices (heating or cooling only). The combination of solar heating and daytime radiative cooling, which can switch between heating and cooling (a dual-mode device), is conducive to improving the utilization efficiency of devices in a dynamic environment. Li et al.11Li X. Sun B. Sui C. Nandi A. Fang H. Peng Y. Tan G. Hsu P.-C. Integration of daytime radiative cooling and solar heating for year-round energy saving in buildings.Nat. Commun. 2020; 11: 6101-6109Crossref PubMed Scopus (115) Google Scholar calculated that if the dual-mode device in the United States were widely deployed, it could have saved 19.2% (236 GJ) of heating and cooling energy (annual energy consumption for building heating and cooling is 548 and 681 GJ, respectively), which is 1.7 times higher than the cooling-only (138 GJ) and 2.2 times higher than the heating-only (106 GJ) approaches. Liu et al.12Liu J. Zhou Z. Zhang D. Jiao S. Zhang J. Gao F. Ling J. Feng W. Zuo J. Research on the performance of radiative cooling and solar heating coupling module to direct control indoor temperature.Energy Convers. Manag. 2020; 205112395Crossref Scopus (47) Google Scholar calculated the energy saving of single-storage residential building. The results show that 42.4% (963.5 kWh) of electricity can be saved in the cooling season with the dual mode, and 63.7% (1449.1 kWh) of electricity can be saved when coupled with the energy storage system. For heating, 14.7% (492 kWh) of electricity can be saved. However, combining these two technologies introduces new problems, such as a low spectral regulation range, low heating/cooling performance, and poor stability. Although this field has been widely explored in the past few years, it is still in its early stages. To further promote research in this field and effectively solve its problems, we summarize the previous results from two aspects, switch mode (including electrical,13Rao Y. Dai J. Sui C. Lai Y.-T. Li Z. Fang H. Li X. Li W. Hsu P.-C. Ultra-wideband transparent conductive electrode for electrochromic synergistic solar and radiative heat management.ACS Energy Lett. 2021; 6: 3906-3915Crossref Scopus (28) Google Scholar,14Zhao X. Aili A. Zhao D. Xu D. Yin X. Yang R. Dynamic glazing with switchable solar reflectance for radiative cooling and solar heating.Cell Reports Physical Science. 2022; 3100853Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (18) Google Scholar,15Mandal J. Du S. Dontigny M. Zaghib K. Yu N. Yang Y. Li4Ti5O12: a visible-to-infrared broadband electrochromic material for optical and thermal management.Adv. Funct. Mater. 2018; 281802180Crossref Scopus (103) Google Scholar thermal-responsive,16Ao X. Li B. Zhao B. Hu M. Ren H. Yang H. Liu J. Cao J. Feng J. Yang Y. et al.Self-adaptive integration of photothermal and radiative cooling for continuous energy harvesting from the sun and outer space.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2022; 119e2120557119Crossref Scopus (23) Google Scholar,17Ono M. Chen K. Li W. Fan S. Self-adaptive radiative cooling based on phase change materials.Opt Express. 2018; 26: A777-A787Crossref PubMed Scopus (162) Google Scholar,18Fang Z. Ding L. Li L. Shuai K. Cao B. Zhong Y. Meng Z. Xia Z. Thermal homeostasis enabled by dynamically regulating the passive radiative cooling and solar heating based on a thermochromic hydrogel.ACS Photonics. 2021; 8: 2781-2790Crossref Scopus (27) Google Scholar,19Mei X. Wang T. Chen M. Wu L. A self-adaptive film for passive radiative cooling and solar heating regulation.J. Mater. Chem. 2022; 10: 11092-11100Crossref Google Scholar,20Liu Y. Liu R. Qiu J. Wang S. 4D printing of thermal responsive structure for environmentally adaptive radiative cooling and heating.J. Adv. Manuf. Process. 2022; 4e10107Crossref Google Scholar and mechanical regulations21Hu M. Pei G. Wang Q. Li J. Wang Y. Ji J. Field test and preliminary analysis of a combined diurnal solar heating and nocturnal radiative cooling system.Appl. Energy. 2016; 179: 899-908Crossref Scopus (105) Google Scholar,22Wang J.-H. Xue C.-H. Liu B.-Y. Guo X.-J. Hu L.-C. Wang H.-D. Deng F.-Q. A superhydrophobic dual-mode film for energy-free radiative cooling and solar heating.ACS Omega. 2022; 7: 15247-15257Crossref PubMed Scopus (2) Google Scholar,23Xiang B. Zhang R. Zeng X. Luo Y. Luo Z. An easy-to-prepare flexible dual-mode fiber membrane for daytime outdoor thermal management.Adv. Fiber Mater. 2022; 4: 1058-1068Crossref Scopus (17) Google Scholar,24Hu M. Zhao B. Suhendri S. Cao J. Wang Q. Riffat S. Yang R. Su Y. Pei G. Experimental study on a hybrid solar photothermic and radiative cooling collector equipped with a rotatable absorber/emitter plate.Appl. Energy. 2022; 306118096Crossref PubMed Scopus (15) Google Scholar,25Zhao H. Sun Q. Zhou J. Deng X. Cui J. Switchable cavitation in silicone coatings for energy-saving cooling and heating.Adv. Mater. 2020; 322000870Google Scholar,26Mandal J. Jia M. Overvig A. Fu Y. Che E. Yu N. Yang Y. Porous polymers with switchable optical transmittance for optical and thermal regulation.Joule. 2019; 3: 3088-3099Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (136) Google Scholar,27Zhao B. Hu M. Xuan Q. Kwan T.H. Dabwan Y.N. Pei G. Tunable thermal management based on solar heating and radiative cooling.Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cell. 2022; 235111457Crossref Scopus (7) Google Scholar,28Ke Y. Li Y. Wu L. Wang S. Yang R. Yin J. Tan G. Long Y. On-demand solar and thermal radiation management based on switchable interwoven surfaces.ACS Energy Lett. 2022; 7: 1758-1763Crossref Scopus (18) Google Scholar) and collaborative mode,29Chen Z. Zhu L. Li W. Fan S. Simultaneously and synergistically harvest energy from the sun and outer space.Joule. 2019; 3: 101-110Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (93) Google Scholar,30Zhou L. Song H. Zhang N. Rada J. Singer M. Zhang H. Ooi B.S. Yu Z. Gan Q. Hybrid concentrated radiative cooling and solar heating in a single system.Cell Rep. 2021; 2100338Google Scholar and introduce their principles, characteristics, and progress. In addition, unresolved scientific and technical issues associated with the outlook are presented in this paper. It is worth noting that we mainly focus on the combination of daytime radiative cooling and solar heating. Conversely, a combination of nighttime radiative cooling and solar heating can be found in Refs.31Ahmed S. Li Z. Javed M.S. Ma T. A review on the integration of radiative cooling and solar energy harvesting.Mater. Today Energy. 2021; 21100776Google Scholar,32Vilà R. Martorell I. Medrano M. Castell A. Adaptive covers for combined radiative cooling and solar heating. A review of existing technology and materials.Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cell. 2021; 230111275Crossref Scopus (15) Google Scholar,33Gao D. Kwan T.H. Dabwan Y.N. Hu M. Hao Y. Zhang T. Pei G. Seasonal-regulatable energy systems design and optimization for solar energy year-round utilization.Appl. Energy. 2022; 322119500Crossref Scopus (18) Google Scholar,34Vall S. Medrano M. Solé C. Castell A. Combined radiative cooling and solar thermal collection: experimental proof of concept.Energies. 2020; 13: 893Crossref Scopus (12) Google Scholar,35Hu M. Zhao B. Ao X. Cao J. Cao J. Wang Q. Riffat S. Su Y. Pei G. Performance analysis of a novel bifacial solar photothermic and radiative cooling module.Energy Convers. Manag. 2021; 236114057Crossref Scopus (17) Google Scholar Many reports have been published on the use of electricity to tune the solar spectrum for smart windows36Cai G. Cui M. Kumar V. Darmawan P. Wang J. Wang X. Lee-Sie Eh A. Qian K. Lee P.S. Ultra-large optical modulation of electrochromic porous WO 3 film and the local monitoring of redox activity.Chem. Sci. 2016; 7: 1373-1382Crossref PubMed Google Scholar,37Kim H. Yang S. Responsive smart windows from nanoparticle–polymer composites.Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020; 301902597Google Scholar,38Ke Y. Zhou C. Zhou Y. Wang S. Chan S.H. Long Y. Emerging thermal-responsive materials and integrated techniques targeting the energy-efficient smart window application.Adv. Funct. Mater. 2018; 281800113Crossref Scopus (282) Google Scholar,39Cui Y. Ke Y. Liu C. Chen Z. Wang N. Zhang L. Zhou Y. Wang S. Gao Y. Long Y. Thermochromic VO2 for energy-efficient smart windows.Joule. 2018; 2: 1707-1746Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (421) Google Scholar,40Ke Y. Chen J. Lin G. Wang S. Zhou Y. Yin J. Lee P.S. Long Y. Smart windows: electro-, thermo-, mechano-, photochromics, and beyond.Adv. Energy Mater. 2019; 91970153PubMed Google Scholar or the mid-infrared (IR) spectrum for IR stealth/camouflage.41Lang F. Wang H. Zhang S. Liu J. Yan H. Review on variable emissivity materials and devices based on smart chromism.Int. J. Thermophys. 2018; 39: 6-20Crossref Scopus (61) Google Scholar,42Ulpiani G. Ranzi G. Shah K.W. Feng J. Santamouris M. On the energy modulation of daytime radiative coolers: a review on infrared emissivity dynamic switch against overcooling.Sol. Energy. 2020; 209: 278-301Crossref Scopus (51) Google Scholar,43Yang J. Zhang X. Zhang X. Wang L. Feng W. Li Q. Beyond the visible: bioinspired infrared adaptive materials.Adv. Mater. 2021; 332004754Google Scholar,44Hu R. Xi W. Liu Y. Tang K. Song J. Luo X. Wu J. Qiu C.-W. Thermal camouflaging metamaterials.Mater. Today. 2021; 45: 120-141Crossref Scopus (111) Google Scholar,45Li M. Liu D. Cheng H. Peng L. Zu M. Manipulating metals for adaptive thermal camouflage.Sci. Adv. 2020; 6eaba3494Google Scholar The principle of electrical regulation is usually to regulate the redox reaction of the electrochromic material through the insertion and extraction of H+, Li+, and other ions to change the light absorption or to regulate the reflection and absorption of light through the electrochemically reversible deposition of metal. After years of development, such devices generally exhibit good regulation and stability. For example, Cai et al.46Zhang Y. Li W. Fan M. Zhang F. Zhang J. Liu X. Zhang H. Huang C. Li H. Preparation of W- and Mo-doped VO2(M) by ethanol reduction of peroxovanadium complexes and their phase transition and optical switching properties.J. Alloys Compd. 2012; 544: 30-36Crossref Scopus (58) Google Scholar prepared porous WO3 as an active electrochromic material using pulsed electrochemical deposition at a low cost and large scale. The porous structure can facilitate charge transfer and electrolyte penetration and alleviate the expansion and contraction of WO3 during H+ insertion and extraction. Consequently, the device exhibited excellent stability and achieved 97.7% optical modulation at 633 nm. Li et al.45Li M. Liu D. Cheng H. Peng L. Zu M. Manipulating metals for adaptive thermal camouflage.Sci. Adv. 2020; 6eaba3494Google Scholar tuned IR emissivity by reversibly depositing Ag onto nanoscopic platinum (Pt)/BaF2 glass (mid-IR transparent glass). Because nanoscopic Pt has strong mid-IR absorption and the electrolyte also absorbs partial IR transmission, the device exhibits high mid-IR emissivity when Ag is not deposited. Conversely, when Ag is deposited, its dense layer is formed on the surface of BaF2, which can strongly reflect IR and exhibit a lower emissivity. Moreover, because of the high chemical inertness of Pt and Ag, they can be deposited and dissolved multiple times, resulting in ∼0.77 mid-IR modulation range and ≥350 cycle performance. The ideal spectral range for solar heating is the one with a high α and low ϵ. Conversely, for daytime radiative cooling, the solar spectrum should have high solar reflectance and ϵ in the range 8–13 μm. Efficient heat management requires coordinated multispectral regulation (mainly visible, near-IR, and mid-IR). However, synergistic multispectral regulation based on electric regulation is still challenging because of the difficulty in obtaining long-spectral (from visible to mid-IR) transparent conductive electrodes and the unclear relationship between the deposition structure and performance.13Rao Y. Dai J. Sui C. Lai Y.-T. Li Z. Fang H. Li X. Li W. Hsu P.-C. Ultra-wideband transparent conductive electrode for electrochromic synergistic solar and radiative heat management.ACS Energy Lett. 2021; 6: 3906-3915Crossref Scopus (28) Google Scholar,14Zhao X. Aili A. Zhao D. Xu D. Yin X. Yang R. Dynamic glazing with switchable solar reflectance for radiative cooling and solar heating.Cell Reports Physical Science. 2022; 3100853Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (18) Google Scholar,15Mandal J. Du S. Dontigny M. Zaghib K. Yu N. Yang Y. Li4Ti5O12: a visible-to-infrared broadband electrochromic material for optical and thermal management.Adv. Funct. Mater. 2018; 281802180Crossref Scopus (103) Google Scholar Rao et al.13Rao Y. Dai J. Sui C. Lai Y.-T. Li Z. Fang H. Li X. Li W. Hsu P.-C. Ultra-wideband transparent conductive electrode for electrochromic synergistic solar and radiative heat management.ACS Energy Lett. 2021; 6: 3906-3915Crossref Scopus (28) Google Scholar prepared metal meshes with low-sheet-resistance (Rs = 22.4 Ω/sq), high-optical-transmittance (TUV−vis = 85.63%, Tnear-IR = 87.85%, and Tmid-IR = 84.87%), and long-wavelength transparent conductive electrodes. Thus, the regulation of solar heating and daytime radiative cooling can be achieved. Specifically, when metal particles with appropriate sizes and distributions are deposited on transparent electrodes, broadband localized surface plasmon resonance with high solar absorption is generated. In addition, based on the effective medium theory, metallic components with high electrical conductivity usually have low mid-IR emissivity (Figure 1A, right). In this case, the device can achieve heating. When deposited in the opposite direction (cooling state), a silver film is formed on indium tin oxide glass to reflect sunlight. The electrolyte is rich in functional groups and has a high emissivity in the mid-IR region (Figure 1A, left). As a result, the spectral properties could be tuned from the heating state (α, ϵ) = (0.33, 0.94) to the cooling state (α, ϵ) = (0.60, 0.20) (Figure 1B). Although this synergistic regulation has been demonstrated, the performance of the current device still needs improvement. Thermal responsiveness differs from electrical regulation in that it does not require electricity and has a more straightforward construction. Currently, thermal responsiveness is mainly based on two classes of materials: VO216Ao X. Li B. Zhao B. Hu M. Ren H. Yang H. Liu J. Cao J. Feng J. Yang Y. et al.Self-adaptive integration of photothermal and radiative cooling for continuous energy harvesting from the sun and outer space.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2022; 119e2120557119Crossref Scopus (23) Google Scholar,17Ono M. Chen K. Li W. Fan S. Self-adaptive radiative cooling based on phase change materials.Opt Express. 2018; 26: A777-A787Crossref PubMed Scopus (162) Google Scholar and poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (pNIPAm) hydrogels.18Fang Z. Ding L. Li L. Shuai K. Cao B. Zhong Y. Meng Z. Xia Z. Thermal homeostasis enabled by dynamically regulating the passive radiative cooling and solar heating based on a thermochromic hydrogel.ACS Photonics. 2021; 8: 2781-2790Crossref Scopus (27) Google Scholar,19Mei X. Wang T. Chen M. Wu L. A self-adaptive film for passive radiative cooling and solar heating regulation.J. Mater. Chem. 2022; 10: 11092-11100Crossref Google Scholar,20Liu Y. Liu R. Qiu J. Wang S. 4D printing of thermal responsive structure for environmentally adaptive radiative cooling and heating.J. Adv. Manuf. Process. 2022; 4e10107Crossref Google Scholar The regulation of VO2 is primarily achieved via a metal-insulator phase transition. VO2 exhibits distinct features toward mid-IR light in these two states. The insulating state is a low-loss dielectric with high mid-IR absorption. Conversely, the metallic phase is a plasmonic metal with a high damping constant and strong mid-IR reflection. However, the phase-transition temperature of VO2 is high (∼68 °C). Although doping can reduce the phase-transition temperature to the required range, the regulatory performance is simultaneously reduced.46Zhang Y. Li W. Fan M. Zhang F. Zhang J. Liu X. Zhang H. Huang C. Li H. Preparation of W- and Mo-doped VO2(M) by ethanol reduction of peroxovanadium complexes and their phase transition and optical switching properties.J. Alloys Compd. 2012; 544: 30-36Crossref Scopus (58) Google Scholar,47Dai L. Chen S. Liu J. Gao Y. Zhou J. Chen Z. Cao C. Luo H. Kanehira M. F-doped VO2 nanoparticles for thermochromic energy-saving foils with modified color and enhanced solar-heat shielding ability.Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2013; 15: 11723-11729Crossref PubMed Scopus (167) Google Scholar,48Dang Y. Wang D. Zhang X. Ren L. Li B. Liu J. Structure and thermochromic properties of Mo-doped VO2 thin films deposited by sol–gel method.Inorg. Nano-Met. Chem. 2019; 49: 120-125Crossref Scopus (13) Google Scholar,49Mlyuka N.R. Niklasson G.A. Granqvist C.-G. Mg doping of thermochromic VO2 films enhances the optical transmittance and decreases the metal-insulator transition temperature.Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009; 95171909Crossref Scopus (248) Google Scholar,50Zhang Z. Gao Y. Chen Z. Du J. Cao C. Kang L. Luo H. Thermochromic VO2 thin films: solution-based processing, improved optical properties, and lowered phase transformation temperature.Langmuir. 2010; 26: 10738-10744Crossref PubMed Scopus (246) Google Scholar In addition, VO2 exhibits lower regulation of the solar spectrum. Ao et al.16Ao X. Li B. Zhao B. Hu M. Ren H. Yang H. Liu J. Cao J. Feng J. Yang Y. et al.Self-adaptive integration of photothermal and radiative cooling for continuous energy harvesting from the sun and outer space.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2022; 119e2120557119Crossref Scopus (23) Google Scholar designed a structure composed of Al2O3 (50 nm)/VO2 (200 nm)/Al2O3 (500 μm)/Al (200 nm), which has strong solar light absorption owing to the intrinsic light absorptivity of VO2 and an anti-reflection structure (Figure 2A). When the temperature is changed from 20°C (below the critical temperature [Tc]) to 80 °C (above Tc), the solar and IR spectra change from (α, ϵ) = (0.83, 0.75) to (α, ϵ) = (0.89, 0.25) (Figure 2B). The results show that in the heating state, the material can reach a temperature that is ∼170°C above ambient in vacuum under sunny conditions. A temperature drop of 20°C can be achieved in the cooling state. pNIPAm is commonly used to modulate the spectra of hydrogels. pNIPAm possesses hydrophilic amide and hydrophobic isopropyl groups in its monomer structure, which determine its lower critical solution temperature (LCST, ∼32°C). One explanation for the regulation of solar light by pNIPAm is that when the ambient temperature is lower than the LCST, pNIPAm can adsorb water and form a hydration shell on its surface. It becomes transparent because its refractive index is similar to that of water. When the temperature exceeds the LCST, the adsorbed water is lost and the pNIPAm network shrinks. The phase separation interface between the pNIPAm network and water strongly scatters sunlight because of the refractive index contrast.18Fang Z. Ding L. Li L. Shuai K. Cao B. Zhong Y. Meng Z. Xia Z. Thermal homeostasis enabled by dynamically regulating the passive radiative cooling and solar heating based on a thermochromic hydrogel.ACS Photonics. 2021; 8: 2781-2790Crossref Scopus (27) Google Scholar As shown in Figure 2C, Fang et al.18Fang Z. Ding L. Li L. Shuai K. Cao B. Zhong Y. Meng Z. Xia Z. Thermal homeostasis enabled by dynamically regulating the passive radiative cooling and solar heating based on a thermochromic hydrogel.ACS Photonics. 2021; 8: 2781-2790Crossref Scopus (27) Google Scholar designed a three-layer structure: polyethylene terephthalate at the top as the radiative cooling part, pNIPAm hydrogel in the middle as the thermochromic part, and black chrome at the bottom as the solar heating part. When the temperature is lower than the LCST, the hydrogel is transparent and sunlight can be absorbed and utilized by the bottom black chrome. However, when the temperature is higher than the LCST, the hydrogel is in a reflective state (concurrently, the hydrogel has strong IR emissivity), which can effectively achieve cooling. After optimization, the device can tune the solar transmittance (Tsolar) from 73.1% to 17.9% when the temperature changes from below the LCST to above it (Figure 2D). Mei et al.19Mei X. Wang T. Chen M. Wu L. A self-adaptive film for passive radiative cooling and solar heating regulation.J. Mater. Chem. 2022; 10: 11092-11100Crossref Google Scholar designed a [email protected] film that can achieve high visible-light reflectance/transmittance modulation (ΔRvis = 70.0% and ΔTvis = 86.3%) and high mid-IR emissivity (0.96). The outdoor test results show that the material can have a temperature drop of 1.8°C–3.7°C during a hot day and an increase of 4.3°C–5.8 °C during a cold day. The thermal responsiveness of the hydrogel-based system is still not very efficient because the mid-IR spectrum is always in a high-emission state during the tuning process, which depletes the power of solar heating. Solar heating and daytime radiative cooling materials can usually be designed separately for mechanical regulation, such as side-by-side or Janus that is switched by mechanical movement. Owing to this principle, the current development of mechanical regulation is mature in terms of performance and stability compared with the above-mentioned two methods. Thus far, several methods for achieving mechanical regulation have been developed, such as roll-to-roll,12Liu J. Zhou Z. Zhang D. Jiao S. Zhang J. Gao F. Ling J. Feng W. Zuo J. Research on the performance of radiative cooling and solar heating coupling module to direct control indoor temperature.Energy Convers. Manag. 2020; 205112395Crossref Scopus (47) Google Scholar Janus,21Hu M. Pei G. Wang Q. Li J. Wang Y. Ji J. Field test and preliminary analysis of a combined diurnal solar heating and nocturnal radiative cooling system.Appl. Energy. 2016; 179: 899-908Crossref Scopus (105) Google Scholar,22Wang J.-H. Xue C.-H. Liu B.-Y. Guo X.-J. Hu L.-C. Wang H.-D. Deng F.-Q. A superhydrophobic dual-mode film for energy-free radiative cooling and solar heating.ACS Omega. 2022; 7: 15247-15257Crossref PubMed Scopus (2) Google Scholar,23Xiang B. Zhang R. Zeng X. Luo Y. Luo Z. An easy-to-prepare flexible dual-mode fiber membrane for daytime outdoor thermal management.Adv. Fiber Mater. 2022; 4: 1058-1068Crossref Scopus (17) Google Scholar,24Hu M. Zhao B. Suhendri S. Cao J. Wang Q. Riffat S. Yang R. Su Y. Pei G. Experimental study on a hybrid solar photothermic and radiative cooling collector equipped with a rotatable absorber/emitter plate.Appl. Energy. 2022; 306118096Crossref PubMed Scopus (15) Google Scholar switchable,25Zhao H. Sun Q. Zhou J. Deng X. Cui J. Switchable cavitation in silicone coatings for energy-saving cooling and heating.Adv. Mater. 2020; 322000870Google Scholar,26Mandal J. Jia M. Overvig A. Fu Y. Che E. Yu N. Yang Y. Porous polymers with switchable optical transmittance for optical and thermal regulation.Joule. 2019; 3: 3088-3099Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (136) Google Scholar,27Zhao B. Hu M. Xuan Q. Kwan T.H. Dabwan Y.N. Pei G. Tunable thermal management based on solar heating and radiative cooling.Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cell. 2022; 235111457Crossref Scopus (7) Google Scholar and programmable.28Ke Y. Li Y. Wu L. Wang S. Yang R. Yin J. Tan G. Long Y. On-demand solar and thermal radiation management based on switchable interwoven surfaces.ACS Energy Lett. 2022; 7: 1758-1763Crossref Scopus (18) Google Scholar Zhao et al.25Zhao H. Sun Q. Zhou J. Deng X. Cui J. Switchable cavitation in silicone coatings for energy-saving cooling and heating.Adv. Mater. 2020; 322000870Google Scholar designed a bilayer film (porous silicone/carbon black particles) that can be switched between a transparent solid state for solar heating and a highly porous state for daytime radiative cooling (solar reflection and radiative cooling) through compression and stretching processes. Specifically, it can achieve 95% solar absorption in the transparent state, increasing the ambient temperature from 10°C to 28°C in cold weather. Moreover, the porous state of the bilayer film can achieve 93% solar light reflection and 94% mid-IR emissivity, resulting in a 5°C temperature drop in hot weather (∼35 °C). Even though the material exhibits excellent performance, it is always in a high-emission state during compression and stretching. To achieve multi-spectrum coordinated regulation, Li et al.11Li X. Sun B. Sui C. Nandi A. Fang H. Peng Y. Tan G. Hsu P.-C. Integration of daytime radiative cooling and solar heating for year-round energy saving in buildings.Nat. Commun. 2020; 11: 6101-6109Crossref PubMed Scopus (115) Google Scholar designed high-performance solar heating (Cu nanoparticles/Zn film, 93.4% absorption in 300–2000 nm and 14.2% emissivity in mid-IR) and radiative cooling materials (Polydimethylsiloxane [PDMS]/Ag, 97.3% reflectance in 300–2000 nm and 94.1% emissivity in 8–13 μm). The research group achieved switching between solar heating and daytime radiative cooling using the roll-to-roll method (Figure 3A). Benefiting from the solution of the contact thermal resistance between the film and the substrate by applying static electricity, the results show that the device can achieve up to 71.6 W/m2 of cooling power density and 643.4 W/m2 of heating power density (Figures 3B and 3C). Ke et al.28Ke Y. Li Y. Wu L. Wang S. Yang R. Yin J. Tan G. Long Y. On-demand solar and thermal radiation management based on switchable interwoven surfaces.ACS Energy Lett. 2022; 7: 1758-1763Crossref Scopus (18) Google Scholar demonstrated a programmable interwoven surface that can dynamically switch the overlapping sequence to regulate solar heating and daytime radiative cooling (Figures 3D and 3E). Moreover, the size of the device can reach 3.15 m (Figure 3F). The experimental results show that the device can achieve 0.87 ± 0.01 solar light absorption and 0.38 ± 0.03 mid-IR emission in the heating state. In the cooling state, the solar light absorption is 0.05 ± 0.01, and the emissivity of the mid-IR is 0.91 ± 0.03. Thus, mechanical regulation achieves significant progress in the design of performance and size. However, the understanding of the boundary conditions for the application of such mechanical regulation requires further studies. Building’s needs for heating and cooling are sometimes simultaneous.11Li X. Sun B. Sui C. Nandi A. Fang H. Peng Y. Tan G. Hsu P.-C. Integration of daytime radiative cooling and solar heating for year-round energy saving in buildings.Nat. Commun. 2020; 11: 6101-6109Crossref PubMed Scopus (115) Google Scholar From the perspective of efficient energy utilization, it is ideal for solar heating and radiative cooling to work independently and simultaneously in the same physical area (the same is true for gable roofs). However, solar heating and daytime radiative cooling are mutually exclusive. On the one hand, the solar heating device will act as a heat source to transfer heat to the cooling device, weakening its cooling power. However, the spectral utilization of daytime radiative cooling and solar heating was reversed. To resolve this issue, Chen et al.29Chen Z. Zhu L. Li W. Fan S. Simultaneously and synergistically harvest energy from the sun and outer space.Joule. 2019; 3: 101-110Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (93) Google Scholar first proposed and achieved a collaborative mode that can simultaneously realize the independent work of solar heating and radiative cooling. Specifically, as shown in Figure 4A, they chose a transparent mid-IR solar absorber (500-mm-thick undoped germanium) and placed it above the radiative cooler (>80% emissivity at 8–13 μm). The vacuum chamber blocked the heating effect of the solar absorber and the environment on the radiative cooler. The experimental results show that solar heating can achieve a temperature 24.4 °C higher than the ambient temperature, and the radiative cooler can reach a low temperature of 28.9°C below room temperature (Figure 4B). The performance of the system can be further improved by using an efficient mid-IR transparent absorber. Furthermore, Zhou et al.30Zhou L. Song H. Zhang N. Rada J. Singer M. Zhang H. Ooi B.S. Yu Z. Gan Q. Hybrid concentrated radiative cooling and solar heating in a single system.Cell Rep. 2021; 2100338Google Scholar achieved simultaneous solar heating and radiative cooling using two selective absorbers. As shown in Figure 4C, the selective absorber absorbs sunlight (α > 92%, >90% reflectance in mid-IR, Figure 4D) and acts as a mirror to redirect the thermal emission from a vertically radiative cooler. Owing to this specific structure, both sides of the radiative cooler can be used together to achieve a cooling power density of over 270 W/m2, a temperature drop of 14°C in the laboratory environment, and a temperature drop of over 12°C in outdoor testing (Figure 4E). With the advancement of daytime radiative cooling, many studies combining solar heating and daytime radiative cooling have been reported in recent years. We systematically summarize the background, progress, and challenges of combining solar heating and daytime radiative cooling through switching (including electrical regulation, thermal-responsive, and mechanical regulation) and collaborative modes. Subsequently, a few outlooks are listed below.(1)Because long-spectral (from visible to mid-IR) transparent conductive electrodes are not readily available and the relationship between deposition structure and performance is unclear, it is still challenging to realize the efficient regulation of the solar and IR spectra simultaneously. Improving the regulatory range (or performance) is a bottleneck that urgently needs to be solved. In addition, electrical regulation often requires organic electrolytes, and their stability in the high-temperature heating state still requires further testing and design.(2)VO2 and hydrogel materials are primarily used for thermal responsiveness. With VO2, it is difficult to control the solar energy spectrum because there is no noticeable color change during the VO2 phase transition. The challenge with hydrogels is that there is no way to regulate their IR emission. Innovative strategies, including materials, structures, and device designs, are required to address these issues.(3)Reports of effective programmable meter-level devices for mechanical regulation demonstrate the potential of real-world applications. The durability of materials and devices and their application boundary conditions (such as economics, different climates, and building types) must be considered before applying them in real applications. Moreover, several techniques based on roll-to-roll and Janus methods merit additional investigation.(4)The cooperative mode is still in the proof-of-concept stage. It is challenging to guarantee efficient heating and cooling performances simultaneously due to inefficient light and thermal management. Designing materials with high sunlight absorption and mid-IR transmission and designing better structures to dissociate the heating and cooling effects are promising strategies to resolve this issue. Additionally, innovative and collaborative modes are essential.(5)For successful applications, the boundary conditions and energy-saving effects of dual modes must be carefully calculated for different climate environments. Examples include the effect of switching times on energy savings, the relationship between the energy consumption of switching and that of the maintaining state, and the energy consumption of buildings under various conditions. This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2019YFA0705400), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20212008), the Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures (MCMS-I-0421K01 and MCMS-I-0422K01), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (NJ2022002), the Fund of Prospective Layout of Scientific Research for NUAA (Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics), and the NUAA Startup Fund (4017-YQR22012). X.L. conceived and wrote the paper. W.G. participated in the discussion. S.S., M.H., and S.Z. conducted picture drawing and discussion. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. The authors declare no conflict of interest." @default.
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