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- W4313374776 abstract "Giant cell arteritis (GCA), also known as temporal arteritis, is a non-necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis affecting medium- and large-sized arteries. It is the most common vasculitis in North America and Europe and primarily affects patients over the age of 50, with incidence increasing with age. Symptoms of GCA include headache, vision loss, jaw claudication, polymyalgia rheumatica, and occasionally scalp necrosis with alopecia. Several long-term disease processes associated with GCA include hypertension, osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus, and cataracts. The gold standard for diagnosis of GCA is with temporal artery biopsy. Other imaging modalities such as ultrasound, CT scan, MRI, and [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) scan can aid in the diagnosis of GCA. Non-specific inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) may be elevated as well. If GCA is suspected, glucocorticoids are the first-line treatment and should be started immediately. Initiation of glucocorticoid therapy prior to confirmatory biopsy is imperative to prevent vision loss. Glucocorticoids are associated with many side effects such as cushingoid appearance, weight gain, and hyperglycemia but remain first-line treatment due to their efficacy. Several other medications have been studied as adjunctive therapy to glucocorticoids in the treatment of GCA. These medications include methotrexate; tocilizumab (TCZ), an IL-6 antibody; abatacept, a CTLA-4 antibody, and ustekinumab, a monoclonal antibody that targets IL-12 and IL-23. Adjunctive therapy has been shown to decrease the overall dose of glucocorticoid therapy and to maintain disease relapse after initial treatment." @default.
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- W4313374776 date "2022-01-01" @default.
- W4313374776 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
- W4313374776 title "71-Year-Old Female with a Tender, Geometric, Scarring Patch of Alopecia on the Right Temporal and Parietal Scalp Associated with Headaches and Vision Changes" @default.
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- W4313374776 doi "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15820-9_23" @default.
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