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• W4313375031 startingPage "117" @default.
• W4313375031 abstract "Microorganisms are ubiquitous in nature and form vital components of all known ecosystems on earth. Their ubiquity is attributed mainly to their small size, easy dispersal, ability to survive and multiply in diverse habitats, including anaerobic and other extreme conditions, their metabolic versatility, and flexibility to utilize wide substrates as nutrient sources. One of the fascinating aspects of microorganisms is that some have evolved to thrive under conditions that are too harsh for animals as well as plants. The microorganisms that thrive under extreme environments, from polar deserts to geothermal springs, are referred to as extremophiles which are single-celled microorganisms belonging to two domains of life—bacteriaBacteria and archaea. Soil microorganisms play an important role in nutrient cycling within soil–plant ecosystem. Microorganisms constitute < 0.5% (w/w) of the soil mass, yet they have a major impact on soil properties and processes. Microbes are also unique in the soil in that they can alter the solubility of soil mineral components, reduce organic compounds to essentially undetectable levels, modify soil structure, oxidize inorganic compounds, and use a variety of soil components as electron acceptors, viz., merely through growth and metabolism. Soil microbial biomass is a primary catalyst of biogeochemical processes as well as energy and nutrient reservoirs. The fertility of natural soil depends on the rate of turnover of organic matter brought about by the activities of soil microorganisms such as nitrogen fixationNitrogen fixation; mineralization of N, P, and S; and organic matter transformation. Large-scale use of microorganisms in agriculture may be considered as a useful proposition for they are capable of exerting multiple effects on fertilizers, pesticides, and plant growth regulators. Chemical fertilizers have played a significant role in the green revolution but excessive use of them has led to a reduction in soil fertility and to environmental degradation. Little is known of the mechanisms of Al toxicity to soil microorganisms despite the fact that this may be the major factor limiting microbial growth and activity in acid soils. BacteriaBacteria may be able to modify their local environment to produce favorable micro-sites. FungiFungi are generally more tolerant to soil acidity than bacteriaBacteria, but the reason is not yet clear. Soil temperature, soil moisture, aeration, and the presence of heavy metals also have important bearings on the microbial population. The major groups of soil microorganisms observed in the Himalayan soils include representatives of bacteriaBacteria, fungiFungi, actinomycetesActinomycetes, protozoa, algae, viruses, nematodes, and mite populations. Despite this diversity, bacteriaBacteria, fungi,Fungi and actinomycetesActinomycetes are the most prevalent in this region." @default.
• W4313375031 created "2023-01-06" @default.
• W4313375031 creator A5007304646 @default.
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• W4313375031 date "2022-01-01" @default.
• W4313375031 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W4313375031 title "Soil Microbes and Biofertilizers" @default.
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• W4313375031 doi "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11458-8_5" @default.
• W4313375031 hasPublicationYear "2022" @default.
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