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• W4313446107 abstract "Historically, the central nervous systemCentral Nervous System (CNS) (CNS) was considered an immune-privileged organ. However, recent studies have shown that the immune systemImmune system plays a significant role in the CNSCentral Nervous System (CNS). Thus, there is renewed interest in applying cancer immunotherapy to CNS malignancies with the hope of generating a robust anti-tumor immune response and creating long-lasting immunity in patients. There has been some work with non-specific immunotherapy such as IL-2 for brain metastasisMetastasis. Unfortunately, the results from non-specific immunotherapy studies were lackluster, so the focus has shifted to more specific CNS immunotherapies including cancer vaccines, immune checkpoint inhibitorsImmune checkpoint inhibition, oncolytic virus therapyVirus Therapy, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cellChimeric Antigen Receptor engineered T cells (CARTs) therapy. With respect to cancer vaccines, rindopepimut has been well-studied in glioblastomaGlioblastoma (GBM) patients with the EGFRvIIIEpidermal Growth Factor Receptor variant III (EGFRvIII) mutationMutation, with early results from phase II trials showing possible efficacy in carefully selected GBM patients. Other antigen-specific CNSCentral Nervous System (CNS) tumor vaccines are still in the early stages. Immune checkpointImmune checkpoint inhibition inhibitors are amongst the most promising and widely studied CNS immunotherapy strategies. Anti-PD-1 showed promising results in many non-CNS solid tumors, however, results from early clinical trials show poor efficacy for anti-PD-1 in GBM patients. Anti-PD-1 is also under investigation for CNSCentral Nervous System (CNS) metastasisMetastasis and showed some efficacy in non-small cell lung cancer and renal cell carcinoma patients. Anti-PD-1 is under early stage investigation for other CNS tumors such as chordomaChordoma. Oncolytic virus therapyVirus Therapy is the strategy of infecting tumor cells with a virus that in turn triggers an innate immune response leading to tumor cell lysis. Oncolytic virusesOncolytic viruses currently under investigation include several adenovirus-based therapies and a herpes simplex virus-based therapy. Phase I studies have demonstrated the safety of oncolytic virus therapies in GBM patients. Current studies are evaluating the efficacy of these therapies both alone and in combination with other immunotherapy approaches such as checkpointCheckpoint inhibition in patients with CNS tumors. CAR T cell therapy is a newer immunotherapy approach. CAR T cell therapies, directed against EGFRvIIIEpidermal Growth Factor Receptor variant III (EGFRvIII) mutationMutation and HER-2 mutation, demonstrate an acceptable safety profile, although there is no conclusive evidence of the survivalSurvival benefit of these therapies in early trials. Studies are currently underway to determine optimal tumor-specific antigen selection and modalityModality of administration for CAR T cell therapy. Overall, the prognosisPrognosis is generally poor for patients with CNS malignancies. The promising results of cancer immunotherapy for non-CNS tumors have created significant interest in applying these therapies for CNS malignancies. Preliminary results have not demonstrated robust efficacy for CNS immunotherapy. However, it is important to keep in mind that the field is still in its infancy and many clinical trials are still early-phase. Several, clinical trials are currently underway to further explore the role of immunotherapy for CNSCentral Nervous System (CNS) malignancies." @default.
• W4313446107 created "2023-01-06" @default.
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• W4313446107 date "2023-01-01" @default.
• W4313446107 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
• W4313446107 title "Immunotherapy as a New Therapeutic Approach for Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors" @default.
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• W4313446107 doi "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14732-6_5" @default.
• W4313446107 hasPubMedId "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36587382" @default.
• W4313446107 hasPublicationYear "2023" @default.
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