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• W4316924710 abstract "Background and aim Urinary creatinine (Ucr) is commonly used to determine the acceptability of spot urines and to adjust for dilution variation of spot urine specimens. However, some controversy exists over the creatinine limits (0.3–3.0 g/L) recommend by WHO. Ucr concentrations variy across individuals and are affected by numerous factors, which may complicate epidemiologic associations related to chemical-to-creatinine ratios. An improved understanding of the variation and predictors of Ucr concentrations is necessary. The study aimed to analyze the applicability of the WHO&#x27;s exclusionary guidelines in the general Chinese population, and to identify Ucr related factors. Methods The cross-sectional study included 21,167 participants aged 3 to 79 years from the initial cycle of the China National Human Biomonitoring Program. We used mixed linear models and restricted cubic splines (RCS) to analyze associations between explanatory variables with Ucr. Results In general Chinese population, the geometric mean and median concentrations of Ucr were 0.90 g/L and 1.01 g/L, respectively. 9.36% samples were outside 0.3-3.0 g/L, including 7.83% below the lower limit and 1.53% above the upper limit. Middle age, male, obesity, smoking, higher frequency of red meat consumption and chronic kidney disease were significantly associated with higher concentrations of Ucr. Results of RCS showed Ucr was inversely and linearly associated with BMI, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides and glomerular filtration rate, and were non-linearly associated with triiodothyronine. Conclusions The age- and sex-specific cut off values of Ucr determining the validity of urine samples in general Chinese population were recommended. To avoid introducing bias into epidemiologic associations, potential predictors of Ucr observed in the present study should be considered when choosing correction methods. Keywords: Biomonitoring; Urine; Hydration correction; Creatinine" @default.
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• W4316924710 date "2022-09-18" @default.
• W4316924710 modified "2023-09-22" @default.
• W4316924710 title "Urinary Creatinine Concentrations and Its Explanatory Variables in General Chinese Population: Implications for Creatinine Limits and Creatinine Adjustment" @default.
• W4316924710 doi "https://doi.org/10.1289/isee.2022.p-0867" @default.
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