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- W4317367728 abstract "Abstract Known earlier as Khazhi and Mon, Zhabdrung consolidated it as a nation and gave an autonym Druk. Its territorial limits continued to be demarcated by Khazhi (the four cardinal points) and was contiguous with Ahoms, Darranga, Koch Hajo and Koch Bihar, Sikkim, and Tibet. But Europeans referred to it at different periods of history as Bottanter, Bootan, Bhotanta, Potente, and finally as Boutan. In terms of the distribution of population in different administrative division of the country, Tongsa Penlop had the largest population. The most important territorial difference in the past was the 18 Duars Bhutan controlled, till 1865, through a tier of officials known as jadrungs, subahs, and katmas. However, Bhutanese interest was limited to trade and revenue collection and officials did not endeavour to integrate them into the nation through educational and cultural means. Authority cascaded from Desi to penlops to dzongpons, from dzongpons to jadrungs and dungpas, and further down to the gups, tshorgan, mangmi, chipon, khagpon, jotedars, and mukhis. Commodities levied as taxes and collections (Wylie ‘thu) flowed up from the gups and tshorgans, jotedars and mukhis. Dungpas and jadrungs, living in their mansions, were the centre of such operation. Local elites, such as khoches, fulfilled the functions of dungpas hereditarily, some until the 1920s. They also subsisted on collections of food and labour from the communities of their orderly ministrations." @default.
- W4317367728 created "2023-01-19" @default.
- W4317367728 creator A5008508118 @default.
- W4317367728 date "2023-01-16" @default.
- W4317367728 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
- W4317367728 title "Governance of the Nation" @default.
- W4317367728 cites W2263481511 @default.
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- W4317367728 doi "https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192868572.003.0005" @default.
- W4317367728 hasPublicationYear "2023" @default.
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