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• W4320170147 abstract "Abstract The release of anthropogenic chemicals to streams, stemming from contaminated sites, direct application (rural/urban) or accidental release, represents a significant threat to water resources and thus the health of humans and aquatic ecosystems. Predicting the transport and fate of chemicals is key to quantify contaminant concentrations and develop environmental quality standards (EQS). Tracer tests are a well-established tool for such hydrological investigations in various water-based systems. In stream settings, such experiments have predominantly investigated longitudinal mixing and flow velocities by measuring the tracer concentration in a few discrete locations; few studies have focused on the transversal mixing properties. Recent progress in hyperspectral remote sensing from unmanned aerial systems (UAS) allows advancing the two-dimensional monitoring of tracer tests, by mapping the tracer concentration with a high spatial resolution in narrow streams with difficult accessibility. So far, such methods have only been demonstrated in controlled settings or in ocean waters, but not in optically complex streams. In this study, we evaluated the performance of a miniaturized hyperspectral imaging system and a consumer grade camera on board of an UAS, to map the concentration of the fluorescent tracer Rhodamine WT in a stream impacted by a contaminated site. In order to estimate tracer concentrations from the remotely sensed data, a band ratio of the red and blue band was used for the photo camera, while a vector based method, estimating the spectral angle in regards to a reference spectrum was applied for the hyperspectral data. The photo camera performed well, but it only mapped reliably the concentration in sections of the stream exposed to direct sunlight (R 2 : 0.83; nRMSE: 10.2 %), failing to map the concentration in all locations, which included locations where the direct sunlight was blocked by riparian trees (R 2 : 0.17; nRMSE: 28.7 %). In contrast, the advanced spectral information allowed the hyperspectral-based system to map the concentration well in all sections of the stream (R 2 : 0.76; nRMSE: 15.1 %), regardless of illumination changes. This demonstrated the advantage of optical cameras measuring water-leaving irradiance from hundreds of contiguous narrow spectral bands that also allow detecting finer spectral absorption and emission features. The results presented here would help to improve the knowledge about mixing of contaminants in streams, i.e. to predict the location of fully transversal mixing for contaminant sites discharging to streams via groundwater-surface interactions, as well as general assumptions behind mixing and dilution models." @default.
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• W4320170147 date "2023-01-24" @default.
• W4320170147 modified "2023-09-29" @default.
• W4320170147 title "Imaging Tracer Mixing Concentration 2D in a Stream with Hyperspectral Sensing from an Unmanned Aerial System" @default.
• W4320170147 doi "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2499200/v1" @default.
• W4320170147 hasPublicationYear "2023" @default.
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