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• W4322575950 endingPage "148" @default.
• W4322575950 startingPage "69" @default.
• W4322575950 abstract "Pharmaceutical compounds (PhACs), also categorized as contaminants of emerging concern (CEC), have been recognized as a new class of micropollutants. PhACs are widespread in the aquatic environment and soil due to the direct and continues discharge of treated and untreated wastewater from wastewater treatment plants. The occurrence of these micropollutants is attracting significant attention worldwide due to their potential threats to the environment, toxicity toward the aquatic life, persistence, and bioaccumulation. PhACs can also disrupt the biological processes in nontarget lower organisms. These contaminants are produced daily in large amounts and discharged into different environmental compartments accidentally or intentionally. Among the sources of pharmaceuticals presence in the environment is the direct release of treated and untreated wastewater, which is deemed the major source of pharmaceuticals occurrence in the environment. Runoffs from livestock farms, aquacultural facilities, and agricultural fields can be considered as secondary sources. Factors such as the geographical region and consumption patterns of pharmaceuticals significantly influence their daily mass load into the wastewater treatment plants. The fate of PhACs in the environment is mainly determined by three key processes: biodegradation, photodegradation, and sorption. In the meanwhile, key factors such as the environmental conditions (temperature, pH, irradiation intensity, and redox conditions), microbial community, and the physiochemical properties of pharmaceuticals (vapor pressure, solubility, and lipophilicity) can also affect the fate and transport of these PhACs in water compartments. To date, the fate of PhACs in water-sediments and in the environment remains limited to certain pharmaceuticals, and not all/many pharmaceuticals have been investigated. In this regard, this work aims to summarize and review the fate of common investigated PhACs in different environmental compartments and in wastewater treatment plants. Furthermore, the existing data on the pathways and mechanism of degradation, as well as the transformation products are summarized and discussed. The ecotoxicological effects of PhACs, risk assessment, modeling approaches, mitigation strategies, and polices are further discussed. Finally, research gaps and future recommendations are highlighted to help current and future researchers in comprehending and managing the issue of PhACs occurrence and fate in the environment." @default.
• W4322575950 created "2023-02-28" @default.
• W4322575950 creator A5015066362 @default.
• W4322575950 creator A5050619989 @default.
• W4322575950 creator A5066647644 @default.
• W4322575950 date "2023-01-01" @default.
• W4322575950 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W4322575950 title "Fate of common pharmaceuticals in the environment" @default.
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