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• W4323654900 abstract "Slush hydrogen is a mixture of liquid hydrogen and solid hydrogen particles, and considered as an attractive propulsion fuel. The preparation process of slush hydrogen is complex. This paper describes a slush hydrogen preparation device which enables hydrogen liquefaction, liquid hydrogen storage, liquid hydrogen transfer, pumping decompression of liquid hydrogen, slush hydrogen observation, and hydrogen emission. In an open area, many tests using liquid hydrogen are conducted. The results show that 1) The scheme of hydrogen liquefaction using two-stage Gifford- Mcmahon (G-M) refrigerator is feasibility, and the liquefying rate of hydrogen is 0.45 L/h, which meets the consumption of slush hydrogen preparation. 2) In the triple-phase point state, average pressure and temperature of liquid hydrogen are measured as 7.1 kPa and 14.03 K respectively. Compared with NIST physical property data, the relative errors of pressure and temperature are 3.4% and 0.5%, respectively. 3) The formation process of solid hydrogen by the pumping decompression is observed. It is found that the solid hydrogen first nucleates on the Dewar wall. With the continuous run of the vacuum pump, the solid hydrogen gradually grows until dense solid hydrogen is formed, resulting that the light could not pass through it. It indicates that liquid hydrogen in the area near the gas–liquid interface could be completely frozen by the pumping decompression method. 4) The formation of slush hydrogen by a freezing-melting method is observed. It is found that the solid hydrogen forms porous structures due to the boiling fluctuation of liquid hydrogen during the freezing process, and the porous solid hydrogen in the liquid hydrogen forms a fragment or sheet shape again under the boiling action of liquid hydrogen during the melting process. When the vacuum pump is opened again, the violent boiling of the liquid hydrogen causes the fragmented solid hydrogen in the liquid hydrogen to be broken into irregular solid hydrogen particles again. Under the action of Gibbs free energy, irregular solid hydrogen particles form small spherical solid hydrogen particles suspended in liquid hydrogen. 5) Three states of liquid hydrogen, solid hydrogen in liquid hydrogen and slush hydrogen are visually compared. It is found that the observed slush hydrogen is a turbid and viscous state, which is a solid–liquid mixture of tiny solid hydrogen particles suspended in liquid hydrogen. At the same time, the weak motion behavior of viscous fluid is also observed. 6）The leakage heat of the slush hydrogen Dewar is calculated as 4.13 W by the liquid level drop rate, which is 1.66 times of the theoretical calculation, and it could provide a technical reference for the design of liquid hydrogen Dewar." @default.
• W4323654900 created "2023-03-10" @default.
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• W4323654900 date "2023-04-01" @default.
• W4323654900 modified "2023-10-14" @default.
• W4323654900 title "Visual experimental study of slush hydrogen production by freezing-melting method" @default.
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• W4323654900 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2023.103663" @default.
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