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• W4328049273 abstract "HomeRadiologyVol. 307, No. 3 PreviousNext Reviews and CommentaryFree AccessImages in RadiologyThree-dimensional Visualization in Diagnostic Imaging: A Renaissance in RadiologyZachary Abramson , Erica C. KayeZachary Abramson , Erica C. KayeAuthor AffiliationsFrom the Departments of Diagnostic Imaging (Z.A.) and Oncology (E.C.K.), St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Pl, Memphis, TN 38105.Address correspondence to Z.A. (email: [email protected]).Zachary Abramson Erica C. KayePublished Online:Mar 21 2023https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.222039MoreSectionsPDF ToolsImage ViewerAdd to favoritesCiteTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked In Supplemental material is available for this article.The first intention of the painter is to make a flat surface display a body as if modeled and separated from this plane, and he who surpasses others in this skill deserves most praise.– Leonardo da Vinci (1)The interpretation of two-dimensional cross-sectional images can be challenging for physicians, patients, and families, and three-dimensional representations may improve understanding. The success of these representations largely depends upon the level of realism achieved, leading modern three-dimensional imagers to look toward the art world for guidance. Traditionally, the depiction of a three-dimensional structure on a two-dimensional display uses the same techniques as Renaissance artists—namely, light, shade, and shadow. While the images produced by these rendering techniques look realistic and convey an element of depth, they are limited by fixed perspective and depth ambiguity (2,3) (Fig 1). Two additional principles must be implemented to overcome these limitations: stereoscopy and motion parallax. Stereoscopy is the phenomenon whereby two images obtained from slightly different perspectives, when viewed by each eye and processed by the brain, produce a sense of depth and solidity. Parallax describes the phenomenon whereby the relative positions of objects appear to change as one moves around a scene.Figure 1: Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa demonstrates depth and dimensionality by means of a combination of light, shading, and linear perspective (Da Vinci, L. Mona Lisa. Paris: Louvre; c. 1503–1517. Oil on poplar panel, Lisa Del Giocondo, 77 cm × 53 cm). As many have noted, observer movement relative to the painting results in the illusion that Lisa’s eyes follow the viewer, a phenomenon referred to as the “Mona Lisa Effect,” reflecting the painting’s fixed perspective.Figure 1:Download as PowerPointOpen in Image Viewer Distinguished from three-dimensional rendering, three-dimensional displays incorporate traditional rendering techniques, as well as stereoscopy and motion parallax. The display technologies incorporating both stereoscopy and parallax come in two varieties: head mounted (Movie, Fig 2A) and free standing. Head-mounted displays include virtual and augmented reality headsets, while free-standing three-dimensional displays include multiview flat panel and volumetric displays. These displays allow both the radiologist and clinician to move beyond the standard orthogonal imaging planes to gain a better understanding of the spatial relationships of structures within the body, carrying implications for the future of radiology, virtual surgical planning, simulation, and patient and family education. Six centuries after da Vinci, three-dimensional visualization techniques are poised to achieve the first intention of the painter, displaying the human form, in da Vinci’s words, “as if modeled and separated from this plane” (1).Get the Flash Player to see this video.Movie: Video depicting the virtual space in which an avatar views and manipulates a preoperative model of a patient with bilateral Wilms tumor (rendered in purple on the right and yellow on the left) prior to nephron-sparing surgery (Elucis, Realize Medical, Ontario, Canada). Individual screens dedicated to each eye within the virtual reality headset provide stereoscopic vision while motion sensors inside the VR goggles (Meta Quest 2, Oculus, Menlo Park, California) provide the motion-dependent change in perspective termed parallax.Download Original Video (10.6 MB)Figure 2: (A) Image demonstrates a single view of the three-dimensional model of a patient with a bilateral Wilms tumor. The image viewed through a virtual reality headset incorporating stereoscopy and parallax yields greater understanding of the three-dimensional spatial anatomic relationships. (B) Axial contrast-enhanced CT image in the kidneys demonstrates bilateral Wilms tumors. Modern three-dimensional rendering and display technologies obviate scroll through a cross-sectional stack of images in an attempt to reconstruct a three-dimensional image in the mind’s eye.Figure 2:Download as PowerPointOpen in Image Viewer Disclosures of conflicts of interest: Z.A. No relevant relationships. E.C.K. No relevant relationships.References1. Isaacson W. Leonardo da Vinci. Simon and Schuster; 2017 Google Scholar2. Todd JT. The visual perception of 3D shape. Trends Cogn Sci 2004;8(3):115–121. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar3. Rogers S, Rogers BJ. Visual and nonvisual information disambiguate surfaces specified by motion parallax. Percept Psychophys 1992;52(4):446–452. Crossref, Medline, Google ScholarArticle HistoryReceived: Aug 11 2022Revision requested: Oct 27 2022Revision received: Oct 31 2022Accepted: Nov 23 2022Published online: Mar 21 2023 FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsRecommended Articles Implementing Virtual and Augmented Reality Tools for Radiology Education and Training, Communication, and Clinical CareRadiology2019Volume: 291Issue: 3pp. 570-580Integrating Eye Tracking and Speech Recognition Accurately Annotates MR Brain Images for Deep Learning: Proof of PrincipleRadiology: Artificial Intelligence2020Volume: 3Issue: 1Three-dimensional Automated Breast US: Facts and ArtifactsRadioGraphics2019Volume: 39Issue: 4pp. 913-931Renal Tumors of Childhood: Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation Part 1. 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• W4328049273 title "Three-dimensional Visualization in Diagnostic Imaging: A Renaissance in Radiology" @default.
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