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• W43418081 abstract "The early growth and development of fish muscle is highly temperature dependent. Changes in the thermal regimes of developing fish embryos can induce differences in the number and size of muscle fibres (muscle cellularity) in just hatched larvae. These differences show considerable variation, with the complex pattern of magnitude and longevity of myogenic change showing high species-specificity. Myogenic responses to early temperature in several fish species studied so far show no inter-species/genus patterns, although responses are repeatable within species/genus. In some species, a higher than normal incubation temperature increases muscle cellularity, whereas in others, a lower incubation temperature increases muscle cellularity. As early muscle cellularity can be a strong predictor of future growth patterns in fish, this response has prompted considerable scientific interest. Early muscle cellularity may also influence recruitment success, locomotor ability, and ultimately fitness, and as such it is important to improve understanding in this area. In this study, just fertilised eggs of mangrove jack Lutjanus argentimaculatus, silver perch Bidyanus bidyanus and barramundi Lates calcarifer were introduced to three different incubation temperatures, to assess the effects on early muscle growth and development. The thermal regimes applied to each species corresponded to an ambient (spawning) temperature, a ‘warm’ temperature, and a ‘cool’ temperature, all within the particular thermal tolerances of that species. Larvae of B. bidyanus and L. calcarifer were on-grown to assess subsequent effects of incubation temperature. Additionally, five day old larvae of L. calcarifer were transferred from the high and low temperatures back to ambient temperature to ascertain the effects on muscle parameters, growth rates and locomotory ability. These species were chosen as ideal candidates for examination in this study as they are important aquaculture species both in Australia and internationally, and all have well established hatchery protocols offering a reliable supply of fertilised eggs. Also they allow the examination of early thermal effects on both salt-water spawning (L. argentimaculatus, L. calcarifer) and fresh-water spawning (B. bidyanus) species. After retrieval from spawning tanks, fertilised eggs of L. argentimaculatus were incubated till hatch at 26°C (cool), 29°C (ambient) and 32°C (warm); those of B. bidyanus were incubated at 22°C, 25°C and 28°C; and those of L. calcarifer were incubated at 26°C, 29°C and 31°C. Warmer incubation temperatures hastened hatching in all three species, whereas cooler incubation temperatures delayed hatching. Average time to 50% hatch of L. argentimaculatus incubated at 26, 29 and 32°C was 19, 17.5 and 13 hours, respectively; of B. bidyanus incubated at 22, 25 and 28°C was 37, 34 and 30 hours, respectively; and of L. calcarifer incubated at 26, 29 and 31°C was 19, 15 and 13 hours, respectively. Incubation temperature had a significant effect on the length of just-hatched B. bidyanus, with incubation at 22°C producing shorter larvae (3.49 ± 0.09 mm) than those incubated at 25°C (4.18 ± 0.09 mm) or 28°C (4.39 ± 0.09 mm). By 12 days post-hatch, however, those incubated and grown at the warm (28°C) temperature were significantly longer (6.73 ± 0.14 mm) than those grown at 25°C (5.92 ± 0.22 mm). The length of just hatched L. argentimaculatus or L. calcarifer was unaffected by incubation temperature, although by nine days post-hatch barramundi incubated and grown at the warm (31°C) temperature were significantly longer (4.90 ± 0.18 mm) than those incubated and grown at 29°C (4.22 ± 0.23 mm), 26°C (3.95 ± 0.13 mm), or transferred from the warm (3.98 ± 0.25 mm) or cool (4.01 ± 0.21 mm) temperatures. Transverse sections of just hatched larvae from all incubation temperatures showed muscle components at an immature stage of development, revealing myotubes yet to differentiate to mature inner (white) muscle fibres. Incubation temperature had a significant effect on the number of immature inner muscle fibres in just hatched L. argentimaculatus and L. calcarifer, with incubation at the warm temperature increasing fibre number in L. argentimaculatus (315.60 ± 13.07 for those incubated at 32°C, 275.00 ± 16.90 for those incubated at 29°C, 253.00 ± 13.80 for those incubated at 26°C); and incubation at the cool temperature increasing fibre number in L. calcarifer (350.00 ± 14.21 for those incubated at 26°C, 327 ± 11.44 for those incubated at 29°C, 292.00 ± 14.49 for those incubated at 31°C). Conversely, inner muscle fibre area significantly increased at the warm incubation temperature in L. calcarifer (12.23 ± 0.66 µm2 for those incubated at 31°C, 9.75 ± 0.45 µm2 for those incubated at 29°C, 10.33 ± 0.75 µm2 for those incubated at 26°C), whereas incubation at the cooler incubation temperatures increased inner muscle fibre area in L. argentimaculatus, although not significantly (P = 0.09). Inner muscle fibre cellularity of just hatched B. bidyanus was unaffected by incubation temperature. The total area of superficial (red) muscle fibres and the proportion of superficial to total fibre area in just-hatched L. calcarifer were significantly affected by incubation temperature, with incubation at the cool temperature (26°C) increasing both the total area (1816.23 ± 136.16 µm2) and proportion (0.21 ± 0.01) of superficial muscle fibres compared with incubation at 29°C (974.95 ± 108.42 µm2 and 0.14 ± 0.01 for total superficial fibre area and proportion of superficial to total muscle fibre area, respectively) and 31°C (1049.09 ± 70.60 µm2 and 0.13 ± 8.7 x 10-3). These parameters were unaffected by incubation temperature in L. argentimaculatus and B. bidyanus. By nine days post-hatch, differences in the total superficial fibre area between non-transferred and transferred treatment groups of L. calcarifer were no longer significant, whereas differences in the proportion of superficial to total muscle fibre area still were, with those hatched and grown at the warm (31°C) temperature having a significantly reduced proportion of superficial muscle area (0.05 ± 6.66 x 10-3) compared with those incubated and grown at 29°C (0.08 ± 7.77 x 10-3) and 26°C (0.09 ± 5.66 x 10-3), and those incubated at 26°C and transferred to 29°C (0.07 ± 5.31 x 10-3), and incubated at 31°C and transferred to 29°C (0.06 ± 6.91 x 10-3). Growth rates of L. calcarifer from the five treatment groups were assessed over a 12 week trial. Differences in mass and standard length increase between treatment groups were not significant (P = 0.060, P = 0.071 for mass and standard length after twelve weeks, respectively). However, differences between treatment groups increased between six and 12 weeks (P = 0.075, P = 0.100 for differences in mass and standard length after six weeks, respectively), indicating that a longer period of testing may have resulted in significant growth differences between treatment groups. Additionally, mass increased considerably more in the group incubated at the coolest temperature and transferred to the control temperature (26/29°C), than in any other treatment group (37.10 % more than the 26/26°C group, 23.80 % more than the 29/29°C group, 21.00 % more than the 31/29°C). It is proposed that the superior mass increase seen in this treatment group may have been imprinted on the myogenic program of L. calcarifer after incubation at the cool (26°C) temperature, which resulted in an increase in inner muscle fibres at hatch, and a subsequently improved growth rate. There was no evidence that incubation temperature affected the burst (Umax) or sustained (Ucrit) swimming ability of L. calcarifer. However, barramundi incubated and reared at the cool (26°C) temperature performed significantly better at 26°C test temperature (101.76 ± 3.70 cm.s-1) than those of other treatment groups (83.22 ± 6.29 cm.s-1 for the 29/29°C group, 85.40 ± 9.70 cm.s-1 for the 31/31°C group, 87.30 ± 4.10 cm.s-1 for the 26/29°C group, 76.42 ± 5.93 cm.s-1 for the 31/29°C group), indicating the ability of L. calcarifer to thermally acclimate burst swimming. Additionally, swimming ability was significantly affected by the test temperature, with Umax of fish from all treatments highest at 29°C test temperature, and the swim speeds of all treatment groups combined significantly lower at 26°C for Umax (86.90 ± 2.80 cm.s-1 at 26°C, 103.20 ± 3.40 cm.s-1 at 29°C, 96.90 ± 3.90 cm.s-1 at 31°C) and Ucrit (58.89 ± 8.90 cm.s-1 at 26°C, 60.90 ± 6.50 cm.s-1 at 29°C, 62.40 ± 6.20 cm.s-1at 31°C). Lower test temperature therefore tended to depress both burst and sustained swimming ability in L. calcarifer. The positive results from this study indicate that the growth rate of L. argentimaculatus and L. calcarifer may be enhanced by the application of thermal manipulation in the hatchery phase of development. Additionally, there was a demonstrated affect of early thermal regimes on the subsequent swimming ability of L. calcarifer. Possible implications and future directions for this research are discussed." @default.
• W43418081 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W43418081 date "2006-01-01" @default.
• W43418081 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W43418081 title "The effect of developmental temperature on muscle morphology and growth of mangrove jack Lutjanus argentimaculatus, silver perch Bidyanus bidyanus and barramundi Lates calcarifer" @default.
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