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• W4366420016 abstract "Abstract Assessing dermis sodium concentration in skin is essential since an excessive amount of sodium is associated with vascular function disorders. In this research, dermis sodium concentration <?CDATA $c$?> <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML overflow=scroll> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> </mml:math> has been quantified by the power spectral density drop <?CDATA ${{Delta }}P$?> <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML overflow=scroll> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant=normal>Δ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>P</mml:mi> </mml:math> of square-wave electrical impedance spectroscopy (PSD d-s EIS). PSD d-s EIS is composed of three stages: (1) dermis voltage measurement, (2) PSD d calculation, and (3) dermis sodium quantification. In the 1st stage, three electrodes are arranged to measure voltage <?CDATA $v$?> <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML overflow=scroll> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> </mml:math> under the constant current <?CDATA $I$?> <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML overflow=scroll> <mml:mi>I</mml:mi> </mml:math> of square-wave. In the 2nd stage, <?CDATA ${{Delta }}P$?> <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML overflow=scroll> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant=normal>Δ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>P</mml:mi> </mml:math> is evaluated by the first and third harmonic frequency from <?CDATA $v$?> <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML overflow=scroll> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> </mml:math> . In the 3rd stage, <?CDATA $c$?> <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML overflow=scroll> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> </mml:math> is quantified by the developed linear regression. To obtain the highest sensitivity between c and <?CDATA ${{Delta }}P,{text{ }}$?> <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML overflow=scroll> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant=normal>Δ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>P</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext> </mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> four measurement factors (square-wave frequency <?CDATA ${f^{,,{text{sw}}}},{text{ }}$?> <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML overflow=scroll> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>sw</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext> </mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> duty-cycle <?CDATA $gamma $?> <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML overflow=scroll> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> </mml:math> , electrode distance d, and electrode diameter ø ) were optimized using numerical simulations of a skin model. Experiments on multi-layered skin under various c in the range of 5 nM–50 mM were conducted by PSD d-s EIS hardware with optimized measurement factors of <?CDATA ${f^{{text{sw}}*}} = 100{text{ kHz}}$?> <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML overflow=scroll> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>sw</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>∗</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>100</mml:mn> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext> kHz</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , <?CDATA ${gamma ^*} = 50{{% }}$?> <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML overflow=scroll> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>∗</mml:mo> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>50</mml:mn> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant=normal>%</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , <?CDATA ${d^*} = 2{text{ mm}}$?> <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML overflow=scroll> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo>∗</mml:mo> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext> mm</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , and <?CDATA ${phi ^*} = 0.8{text{ mm}}$?> <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML overflow=scroll> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>ϕ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>∗</mml:mo> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.8</mml:mn> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext> mm</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . As the results, the quantification of c has a good accuracy with the normalized sensitivity <?CDATA $langle Srangle {text{ }}$?> <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML overflow=scroll> <mml:mo fence=false stretchy=false>⟨</mml:mo> <mml:mi>S</mml:mi> <mml:mo fence=false stretchy=false>⟩</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext> </mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> = 0.87 and determination coefficient R 2 = 0.92. The measurement factors of <?CDATA ${f^{,,{text{sw}}}}{text{ }}$?> <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML overflow=scroll> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>sw</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext> </mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and <?CDATA $gamma $?> <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML overflow=scroll> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> </mml:math> affect the power of square-wave excitation to pass through the high resistivity barrier of the stratum corneum, while the measurement factors of d and ø affect the stability of current flow in the dermis." @default.
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• W4366420016 date "2023-04-19" @default.
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• W4366420016 title "Quantification of dermis sodium concentration in skin layers by power spectral density drop of square-wave electrical impedance spectroscopy (PSDd-sEIS)" @default.
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