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• W4366995880 abstract "Objective: To explore the phonological processes in initial consonants of Putonghua-speaking children in Jiangsu urban areas. Methods: A status survey was applied. From December 2014 to September 2015, a stratified random sampling method was used to select 958 children aged 1 to 6 years with Putonghua as their mother tongue in the urban area of Nanjing, Changzhou, Yangzhou and Xuzhou to examine their phonological performance. Speech samples were collected by the method of picture naming. The children were divided into 9 age groups (1.5-<2.0, 2.0-<2.5, 2.5-<3.0, 2.5-<3.0, 3.0-<3.5, 3.5-<4.0, 4.0-<4.5, 5.0-<6.0, 6.0-<7.0 years). Descriptive analysis method was used to analyze the phonological processes in initial consonants at different age groups. Results: Among the 958 children, there were 482 boys and 476 girls. The age of the children was (3.8±1.4) years. The number of children in the 9 age groups (1.5-<2.0, 2.0-<2.5, 2.5-<3.0, 2.5-<3.0, 3.0-<3.5, 3.5-<4.0, 4.0-<4.5, 5.0-<6.0, 6.0-<7.0 years) is 100, 110, 110, 114, 114, 114, 111, 119, and 66, separately. The process of substitution was found in the speech of 701 children (73.2%), syllable structure simplification was found in 194 children (20.3%), distortion was found in 41 children (4.3%), and assimilation was found in 17 children (1.8%). Among these 4 types of processes, the occurrence of substitution was highest in all the age groups, ranging from 30.3% (20/66) to 94.5% (104/110). The occurrence of syllable structure simplification ranged from 27.3% (30/110) to 91.0% (91/100) in the age groups of 1.5-<3.0 years and 0.9% (1/114) to 7.9% (9/114) in the age groups of 3.0-<7.0 years. The occurrence of distortion ranged from 7.3% (8/110) to 19.1% (21/110) in the age groups of 1.5-<3.0 years and 0 (0/114) to 2.7% (3/111) in the age groups of 3.0-<7.0 years. The occurrence of assimilation was very low in all age groups, ranging from 0 (0/114) to 3.0% (3/100) among all age groups. For substitution, the occurrence order of mainly individual processes from high to low was listed as follows: retroflexion 35.4% (339/958), deretroflexion 31.6% (303/958), lateralization 27.9% (267/958), stopping 17.8% (171/958), backing 14.2% (136/958), palatalization 10.9% (104/958), fronting 10.6% (102/958), and nasalization 5.8% (56/958). From the 4.0-<4.5 years of age group onwards, the phonological processes in initial consonants all met suppression criteria (the occurrence of processes was reduced to<10%) except retroflexion, deretroflexion, and lateralization. Conclusions: The processes of syllable structure simplification and distortion mainly appears in the early stage of speech sound development, while substitution is the major form of phonological pattern in initial consonants found in developmental speech errors. By 4 years of age, phonological processes in initial consonants almost disappear. The remaining processes that persisted for a longer period of time are retroflexion, deretroflexion, and lateralization.目的： 探讨江苏城区儿童普通话声母音韵历程。 方法： 现况调查。于2014年12月至2015年9月，采用分层随机抽样方法选取南京、常州、扬州、徐州4个城市以普通话为母语的958名1~6岁城区儿童，以图片命名方式进行语音测试。依据年龄将儿童分为9组，5岁之前每0.5岁为1组，5岁之后每1.0岁为1组。对不同年龄组儿童声母音韵历程特征进行描述性分析。 结果： 958名儿童中男482名、女476名，年龄（3.8±1.4）岁，1.5~<2.0岁100名、2.0~<2.5岁110名、2.5~<3.0岁110名、3.0~<3.5岁114名、3.5~<4.0岁114名、4.0~<4.5岁114名、4.5~<5.0岁111名、5.0~<6.0岁119名、6.0~<7.0岁66名。替代历程、音节结构历程、歪曲历程和同化历程分别出现701名（73.2%）、194名（20.3%）、41名（4.3%）和17名（1.8%）。替代历程在各年龄组发生率均偏高，范围为30.3%（20/66）~94.5%（104/110）；音节结构历程在1.5~<3.0岁各年龄组发生率范围为27.3%（30/110）~91.0%（91/100），3.0~<7.0岁各年龄组发生率范围为0.9%（1/114）~7.9%（9/114）；歪曲历程在1.5~<3.0岁各年龄组发生率范围为7.3%（8/110）~19.1%（21/110），3.0~<7.0岁各年龄组发生率范围为0（0/114）~2.7%（3/111）；同化历程在各年龄组发生率均很低，范围为0（0/114）~3.0%（3/100）。各种替代历程总体发生率较高的由高至低依次为卷舌化35.4%（339/958）、不卷舌化31.6%（303/958）、边音化27.9%（267/958）、塞音化17.8%（171/958）、后置化14.2%（136/958）、舌面音化10.9%（104/958）、前置化10.6%（102/958）、鼻音化5.8%（56/958）。4.0~<4.5岁以上年龄组，除了替代历程中卷舌化、不卷舌化和边音化外，其他声母音韵历程均完成抑制（发生率<10%）。 结论： 音节结构历程、歪曲历程是语音发育初期的原始历程，而替代历程是儿童语音发育过程中最常见的声母音韵历程。4.0岁是声母音韵历程基本消退的年龄界值点，卷舌化、不卷舌化及边音化是儿童语音发育期较迟消退的错误语音模式。." @default.
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• W4366995880 date "2023-05-02" @default.
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• W4366995880 title "[Phonological processes in initial consonants of Putonghua in children in Jiangsu urban areas]." @default.
• W4366995880 doi "https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112140-20221024-00901" @default.
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