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• W4367295901 abstract "Bee pollen is a natural product valued for its nutritional and medicinal benefits, and it is gaining popularity for its potential use as a feed and supplement for cattle. However, due to the lack of information on the extent of its contamination with dangerous substances, there are still a number of questions regarding the safety of this beekeeping product. Mycotoxins, in particular, are a family of molecules typically found in food that may pose a health risk to consumers and for which no legal restrictions are set in bee pollen. In this study, the presence of five mycotoxins - aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, and toxin T2 - was evaluated in 80 bee pollen samples from diverse climatic areas, organic and conventional beekeeping, with different floral composition, and commercial format - fresh, dry, or bee bread. The analyses were performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and the obtained results showed the presence of the least one of the analyzed mycotoxins in 100% of the samples, with aflatoxin B1 having the highest incidence rate. Monofloral pollens showed lower total mycotoxins concentration compared with the multifloral samples analyzed, while bee bread was the commercial format with the highest total mycotoxins concentration among the analyzed ones. The obtained results were also used to assess the risk associated with single and multiple mycotoxin exposure due to bee pollen consumption by calculating the respective hazard quotients and margins of exposure. In 28% of the analyzed cases, deoxynivalenol exceeded the safe limits, while aflatoxin B1, because of its generally high concentration, resulted of high public health concern in 84% of the considered cases." @default.
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• W4367295901 date "2023-10-01" @default.
• W4367295901 modified "2023-10-09" @default.
• W4367295901 title "First survey on the presence of mycotoxins in commercial bee pollen sourced from 28 countries" @default.
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• W4367295901 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109816" @default.
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