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• W4375845839 abstract "146 Book Reviews TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE The German Experience ofProfessionalization: Modern Learned Professions and Their Organizations from the Early Nineteenth Century to the Hitler Era. By Charles E. McClelland. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Pp. x + 253; notes, index. $54.50. Charles E. McClelland’s The German Experience of Professionalization is a detailed study of the development of the major German profes­ sions, primarily law, medicine, teaching, engineering, and chemistry, from their origins in the early 19th century through the Nazi period. It is part of the growing literature on German professionals and complements and expands on such works as the anthology edited by Geoffrey Cocks and Konrad H. Jarausch, German Professions, 1800— 1950, and Jarausch’s The Unfree Professions: German Lawyers, Teachers, and Engineers, 1900—1950 (both Oxford, 1990). The book is based primarily on printed records such as journals of professional organi­ zations and government debates, and on secondary works, since much of the archival material either was destroyed during World War II or is not helpful in answering the questions posed by the author. McClelland argues that the chief models for dealing with profession­ alization, those derived from the Anglo-American experience, are not adequate to deal with the German situation. Neither functionalist models that see professions as autonomous entities gradually emancipat­ ing themselves from the state nor power-orientated models that see professions attempting to dominate markets through manipulation of the state sufficiendy explain the German experience. The author lists nine characteristics of an admittedly limited ideal type against which he constandy checks German professional development: advanced, special­ ized education; codes of conduct; altruism/public service; competency tests, examinations, and licensing; social prestige; economic rewards; career ladders; monopolization of market services; and autonomy. The author’s thesis is that German professions began to form slowly in the 19th century, due to political disunification and to government distrust of independent groups. During the 1860s and 1870s the so-called free professions, such as medicine and law, began to eman­ cipate themselves from government control (engineers had formed the Verein Deutscher Ingenieure [VDI] as early as 1856) and achieved a good deal of success in this process in succeeding years. By the turn of the century, however, professional groups found themselves in­ creasingly calling on the state to secure more rigorous educational and licensing requirements to protect themselves from overcrowding or, in the case of the doctors, to attempt to influence the growing health insurance structure. By the 20th century, some professions were involved in union-style agitation. These attempts were not always successful but do show that German professions carried on a dialectical relationship with the state not seen in the same degree in North America. Professionalization and bureaucratization existed side by side in Germany. McClelland also rejects a Sonderweg TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Book Reviews 147 approach to the German professions. While German professions may have capitulated to the Nazi coordination policies without great resistance, there is little evidence that professionals were enthusiasti­ cally going over in great numbers to the Nazis before 1933. The book’s primary interest to historians of technology may lie in the author’s comparison and contrast of engineers and chemists with other professionals. What he says about engineers—the VDI’s inabil­ ity to build as successful a professional organization as other groups, its neutrality stance, and its disinclination to become involved in union-like activities, opening the way for the more radical Bund der Technischindustriellen Beamter—has been said already in more de­ tail by such authors as Kies Gispen in his New Profession, Old Order: Engineers and German Society, 1815—1914 (Cambridge, 1989) and by German scholars such as Wolfgang Koenig. Nonetheless, this work is an important, if somewhat tediously written, contribution to the study of professionalization in the German context. It shows that we need more studies of how professionals like engineers relate to state power and to the important social issues of our time, given the significant role professionals play in modern society. Donald Thomas Dr. Thomas is professor of history at the Virginia Military Institute and author of Diesel: Technology and Society in Industrial Germany (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1987). The Skulking Way of War: Technology and..." @default.
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• W4375845839 title "The German Experience of Professionalization: Modern Learned Professions and Their Organizations from the Early Nineteenth Century to the Hitler Era by Charles E. McClelland" @default.
• W4375845839 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/tech.1993.0145" @default.
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