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• W4375846039 abstract "964 Book Reviews TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE The Right Tools for the Job: At Work in Twentieth-Century Life Sciences. Edited by Adele E. Clarke and Joan H. Fujimura. Princeton, NJ.: Princeton University Press, 1992. Pp. xi4- 365; notes, bibliography, index. $35.00. This book is about scientific practice. As its editors say, it is about the nitty-gritty of scientific work—instruments, materials, methods, and the craft aspect of 20th-century life sciences. The point of departure is that scientific work is constrained or enabled by the accessibility, cost, and pacing associated with specific tools for scientificjobs and by the funding and work arrangements involved in their use. Thus the book focuses on how tools shape and are shaped by research interests, how these interrelations are “situated,” and how they change over time. It examines processes of coconstruction of tools, jobs, and “rightness”; the construction of doable problems; crafting, tinkering, and contingent arrangements; stabilization, continuity, and collective action in life science research. The ten studies—all superbly documented (although their organiza­ tion and clarity ofarguments are uneven)—are grouped in three thematic categories, reflecting the interaction of tools, jobs, and rightness. Within the first category, three essays examine different aspects of “Co-constructing Tools, Jobs, and Rightness.” J. Griesemer’s thoughtful article, “The Role of Instruments in the Generative Analysis of Science,” compares the study of speciation at an ecology/evolutionary biology laboratory with that at a zoological museum, showing how the laboratory system and the museum both became entrenched through quite differ­ ent modeling systems. K. Jordan and M. Lynch’s study, “The Sociology of a Genetic Engineering Technique: Ritual and Rationality in the Performance of the ‘Plasmid Prep,’ ” takes us into a laboratory to observe both the fixed and contingent aspects of this standard technique. The authors are fascinated by the rational, irrational, and ritualistic elements of laboratory practice. In a different vein, P. Taylor’s important essay, “Re/constructing Socioecologies: System Dynamics, Modeling of No­ madic Pastoralists in Sub-Saharan Africa,” links Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s systems analysts, African pastoralists, and government agencies in an examination of modeling human ecology, underscoring the intersections of technical, social, and economic contingencies, and their international political embedment. The essays in the second organizing theme explore how disciplines shape tools and tools shape disciplines. F. Holmes’s study, “Manom­ eters, Tissue Slices, and Intermediary Metabolism,” skillfully traces the production and modification of the manometer through the craft practices of biochemistry, demonstrating the movement of techniques across “problem contexts” and scientific generations. In their wellcrafted study, “Whatever Happened to Planaria? C. M. Child and the Physiology of Inheritance,” G. Mitman and A. Fausto-Sterling show how Child advanced his theory/method package in developmental TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Book Reviews 965 genetics in direct opposition to T. H. Morgan’s powerful reductive genetics and how the once-thriving planaria research was eclipsed by the drosophila-based paradigm. Similarly, the excellent essay by B. Kimmelman , “Organisms and Interests in Scientific Research: R. A. Emer­ son’s Claims for the Unique Contributions of Agricultural Genetics,” highlights the relationship between choice ofresearch organisms and the institutional and social settings of scientific choices. It demonstrates the contextual legitimacy of corn genetics and its eventual marginalization by the Morganian hegemony. Yrjo Haila’s nuanced analysis, “Measuring Nature: Quantitative Data in Field Biology,” focuses on the multiplicity of problematic connections between theoretical and empirical paths in field research, arguing that, as the discipline of field biology historically moved from an antitheoretical to a more theoretical approach, the politics of theory itself became increasingly visible. The final three studies are set within the organizing theme, “Changing Construction ofTools,Jobs, and Rightness.” In an intriguing essay, “Craft vs. Commodity, Mess vs. Transcendence: How the Right Tool Became the Wrong One in the Case of Taxidermy and Natural History” S. Star retraces the taxidermists’ path toward professionalization that eventually came to a dead end with the rise ofexperimental research and the eclipse of “realism” in biology. P. Gossel’s vivid examination of “A Need for Standard Methods: The Case of American Bacteriology,” shows how the technical crisis in the 1890s over the identification of organisms in water supplies led to a..." @default.
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• W4375846039 title "The Right Tools for the Job: At Work in Twentieth-Century Life Sciences ed. by Adele E. Clarke, Joan H. Fujimura" @default.
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