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• W4376543697 abstract "TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Book Reviews 351 hundredfold. Herlihy’s equating of women’s monopoly of certainjobs as a good thing similarly leads him to discuss, quite happily, the close and special association of women with the preparation of baths, the nursing of the sick, and magical powers. The hauling and heating of water, however, was backbreaking work, the nursing of the sick was a dangerous and low-status undertaking, and accusations of magic were often fatal. After women were eliminated from cloth making and a number of other trades, they labored on nonetheless—within their own homes, within the households of others, in the fields, and in wealthy women’s nurseries. This class of labor, however, because it cannot be construed as “productive,” is not part of Herlihy’s analysis. To understand women’s work, however, it is vital to come to grips with their daily labors as well as their participation in more organized enterprises. Robin Fleming Dr. Fleming is an assistant professor at Boston College. She is the author of Kings and Lords in Conquest England (Cambridge, 1991) and is currently working on towns in Anglo-Saxon England. Medieval Artisans: An Urban Class in Late Medieval England. By Heather Swanson. Cambridge, Mass.: Basil Blackwell, 1989. Pp. xi+189; notes, bibliography, index. $39.95. Medieval Artisans is a welcome addition to the small but growing Held of the social history of medieval labor and technology. Although the focus of the book is somewhat narrower than the title (or subtitle) suggests, it nevertheless provides a suggestive look at the economic and political lives of late-medieval English artisans, primarily in the mid-sized town of York but with additional material on comparably substantial towns such as Bristol and Norwich. Heather Swanson first surveys artisanal activities by looking separately at the major indus­ tries of victualing, textiles, clothing, leather, building, and metalwork­ ing, and by taking a brief glance at minor craft guilds including the chandlers, bowers, coopers, horners, and ropers. By comparing public records, such as town registers and guild ordinances, with private ones, primarily wills, Swanson is able to define more precisely the boundaries of the often-overlapping crafts that made up the larger trades and to clarify the working conditions and changing economic fortunes of the craftsmen and craftswomen across three centuries (1290s to 1534). An important consequence of Swanson’s judicious use of sources is her integration of women’s work into our picture of the economic lives of medieval artisans. Although women were rarely mentioned directly in administrative or other official records, these documents— 352 Book Reviews TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE sensitively read and taken in conjunction with unofficial, private ones—confirm in detail what earlier work in women’s history has led us to expect: that women both made substantial and often-crucial contributions to the household economy and worked independently in small but significant numbers. The overall impression conveyed is one of diversity and particularity, and Swanson clearly demonstrates the impossibility of fitting artisans’ activities, both male and female, into neat categories, whether devised by late-medieval town councils or by modern historians. In particular, she demolishes the notion that artisans were confined to practicing a single craft; despite guild regulations to the contrary, most households regularly pursued at least one secondary occupation and often took on unskilled or service work as the need and opportunity arose. In the last third of the book the author addresses some broader issues, considering the political dynamics governing the relations between guilds and the civic authorities as well as artisans’ economic strategies and their relative success as measured by artisans’ wealth and status. She argues persuasively that it was precisely the ruling merchant elite’s attempts to exclude artisans from effective political power, and, in particular, merchant manipulation of craft guilds, which gave definition to artisans as a class, despite the great diversity of income and status among artisans themselves. Tensions between merchants and artisans seem to have increased significantly after 1450, in part because demographic and economic changes produced a crisis in mercantile fortunes while providing new economic oppor­ tunities for artisans with relatively little accompanying increase in political influence. While the book’s main focus is..." @default.
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• W4376543697 date "1992-04-01" @default.
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• W4376543697 title "Medieval Artisans: An Urban Class in Late Medieval England by Heather Swanson" @default.
• W4376543697 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/tech.1992.0111" @default.
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