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• W4376641104 abstract "HomePlant DiseaseVol. 107, No. 9First Report of Melting Out on Creeping Bentgrass Caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana in China PreviousNext DISEASE NOTE OPENOpen Access licenseFirst Report of Melting Out on Creeping Bentgrass Caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana in ChinaYan He, Kexuan Xu, Jun Liu, and Jian HuYan HeCollege of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, ChinaSearch for more papers by this author, Kexuan XuCollege of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, ChinaSearch for more papers by this author, Jun LiuCollege of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, ChinaSearch for more papers by this author, and Jian Hu†Corresponding author: J. Hu; E-mail Address: [email protected]https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1367-1586College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations Yan He1 Kexuan Xu2 Jun Liu1 Jian Hu1 † 1College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China 2College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China Published Online:31 Aug 2023https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-23-0260-PDNAboutSectionsView articlePDFSupplemental ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat View articleCreeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) is one of the major cool-season turfgrass species, widely planted in putting greens at golf courses in China. In June 2022, an unknown disease with reddish-brown spots (2 to 5 cm in diameter) was observed on ‘A4’ creeping bentgrass putting greens at the Longxi golf course in Beijing. The sand-based putting greens have been established for 12 years and were mowed five to six times per week at a bench-height setting of 3 to 4 mm when the disease was observed. As the disease progressed, the spots coalesced and formed irregular patches (15 to 30 cm in diameter). When looked closely, the leaves were wilting, yellowing, and melting out from the foliar tips to the crowns. The disease incidence was estimated up to 10 to 20% for each putting green, and a total of five putting greens had similar symptoms as described above. Three to five symptomatic samples were collected from each green. Diseased leaves were cut into pieces, surface sterilized in 0.6% sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) for 1 min, washed three times with sterilized water, air dried, and then placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) containing 50 mg/liter of streptomycin sulfate and tetracycline. Plates were incubated in the dark at 25°C for 3 days, and irregular fungal colonies with dark-brown reverse and light-brown to white front-side were consistently recovered. Pure cultures were obtained by repeated hyphal-tip transfers. The fungus did not grow well on PDA medium, radial growth was estimated at 1.5 mm/day, and dark-brown colonies were surrounded by a light-gray margin. However, it grew fast on creeping bentgrass leaf extract (CBLE) medium, CBLE medium was produced by adding 0.75 g of potato powder, 5 g of agar, and 20 ml of CBL juice into 250 ml of sterile water, and 1 g of fresh CBL was used to produce 20 ml of CBL juice. The colony was sparse and light gray, and the radial growth was roughly 9 mm/day on CBLE medium. Conidia were spindle shaped, olive to brown in color, pointy or obtuse at both ends, 4 to 8 septate, and a size range of 9.85 to 20.20 × 26.26 to 45.64 μm (14.85 × 40.62 μm average, n = 30). Genomic DNA of two representative isolates (HH2 and HH3) from different putting greens was extracted, and the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) region were amplified with the primers ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990) and gpd1/gpd2 (Berbee et al. 1999), respectively. The ITS (OQ363182 and OQ363183) and GAPDH (OQ378336 and OQ378337) sequences were deposited in GenBank. BLAST analyses revealed that the sequences shared 100 and 99% similarity with the published ITS (CP102792) and GAPDH (CP102794) of the Bipolaris sorokiniana strain LK93, respectively. To fulfill Koch’s postulates, three plastic pots (15 cm height × 10 cm top diameter × 5 cm bottom diameter; three replicates for the isolate HH2) were seeded with creeping bentgrass and inoculated with a spore suspension (1 × 105 conidia/ml) by foliar spray after 2 months of plant growth. Healthy creeping bentgrass inoculated with distilled water served as a control. All pots were covered with plastic bags and placed in a growth chamber with a 12-h day/night cycle at 30/25°C and 90% relative humidity. Similar to the field symptoms, yellowing and melting out of leaves were also noted on the inoculated creeping bentgrass in the growth chamber after 7 days. B. sorokiniana was recovered from the diseased leaves and identified morphologically and molecularly as described above. B. sorokiniana has been reported to be associated with melting-out disease on cool-season turfgrass in the United States (Latin et al. 2008). To our knowledge, this is the first report of melting out on creeping bentgrass caused by B. sorokiniana in China. This report provides a scientific basis for developing management strategies on this disease in the future.The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.References:Berbee, M. L., et al. 1999. Mycologia 91:964. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1999.12061106 Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarLatin, R., et al. 2008. Turfgrass disease profiles: Leaf spot/melting out. Purdue Extension. BP-103-W. Google ScholarWhite, T. J., et al. 1990. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. Crossref, Google ScholarFunding: Funding was provided by Student Innovation Research and Entrepreneurship Training of Nanjing Agricultural University (202226XX250).The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.DetailsFiguresLiterature CitedRelated Vol. 107, No. 9 September 2023SubscribeISSN:0191-2917e-ISSN:1943-7692 Download Metrics Article History Issue Date: 29 Sep 2023Published: 31 Aug 2023First Look: 15 May 2023Accepted: 13 May 2023 Page: 2852 Information© 2023 The American Phytopathological SocietyFundingNanjing Agricultural UniversityGrant/Award Number: 202226XX250KeywordsBipolaris sorokinianaChinacreeping bentgrassmelting outturfgrass diseaseThe author(s) declare no conflict of interest.PDF download" @default.
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• W4376641104 title "First Report of Melting Out on Creeping Bentgrass Caused by <i>Bipolaris sorokiniana</i> in China" @default.
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