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• W4377202919 abstract "The Cover Design RIDING IN STYLE: PALACE CARS FOR THE CATTLE TRADE J O H N H. W H I T F., J R. The carriage of cattle by rail is almost as olcl as the public railway itself. Both single-deck and double-deck livestock cars were depicted in the Ackerniann prints of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in 1831.' The single-deck style was for cattle, the double-deckers for sheep or hogs. In the United States, the Baltimore and Ohio had begun the carriage of cattle in open-top cars as early as 1830. As the iron network expanded, farmers regarded it as an obvious means of sending their products to market. Before the railroad era, river and canal boats had transported a portion of the livestock trade, but most cattle went to market overland and on their own feet. Such journeys were costly in terms of time, manpower, and wear and tear on the merchandise. In 1851 one cattleman took seventy-five days to drive a herd from Kentucky to New York; at the end of the trip he had a large labor bill and some exhausted, skinny cows that no slaughterhouse was particularly interested in. Railroads saw a demand for trains that would hurry the heifers to market fresh and fat. The New Jersey Railroad and Transportation Company announced in an 1839 newspaper ad that it could provide trains with special cars for cattle along with coach accommodations for the men accompanying them to market—the earliest notice so far uncovered for a drover’s car. In I860 the Pennsylvania Railroad boasted of forty-four-hour cattle-train service between Pittsburgh and Philadelphia. By this time most railroads were prepared to invest in special cattle cars, as shippers were demanding; boxcars had seemed adequate for short hauls, but on longer runs more light and air were a necessity. Mr. White, senior historian at the National Museum of American History, is completing a comprehensive study of American freight cars in the 19th century. 'Rudolph Ackerniann (1764—1831), a London art publisher, produced a series of delightful prints showing some of the first trains on the L&M.© 1990 bv the Society for the History of Technology. All rights reserved. 0040-165X/90/3102-0004$01.00 265 266 John H. White, Jr. Was it worthwhile in the long run for the railroads to invest in cattle cars? The answer is mixed at best. On the one hand, the traffic was large—in 1860 some 215,000 head of cattle and 380,000 hogs moved by rail between Chicago, Detroit, and Buf falo. As the Great Plains were settled, lines like the Kansas Pacific began moving prodigious numbers of range cattle to eastern markets—600,000 annually by 1871. But the big numbers did not always mean big profits. Live animals were subject to injury and death in transit (the attrition rate was between 6 and 9 percent in 1872), and according to one authority no other category of cargo was subject to more damage claims.2 During most of the 19th century freight trains clanked along at 10 miles per hour, but cattle expresses went twice as fast. Fast schedules got animals to market with less loss of weight, but they also increased the likelihood of cattle’s losing their footing as trains rolled into curves, clattered through crossovers, or, with the advent of air brakes, stopped suddenly. The cattle trade was labor-intensive as well because of the repeated neces­ sity of unloading for food, water, and rest. Cars for the cattle trade were hardly fit for any other cargo. Anyone who has visited a barnyard will understand that continual drenching by urine and offal soon rendered the inside of a cattle car useful only for hardy, low-value goods like pig iron or bark. Hence cattle cars generally returned empty, aggravating the railroad industry’s basic problem of profitless backhauls. In 1892 the Northern Pacific figured its gross revenues from the cattle trade at 3.7y per mile, a long way from the l()y it regarded as a fair return on investment. The books looked even worse in light of the seasonal nature of the..." @default.
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• W4377202919 date "1990-04-01" @default.
• W4377202919 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W4377202919 title "Riding in Style: Palace Cars for the Cattle Trade" @default.
• W4377202919 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/tech.1990.0050" @default.
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