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• W4378695930 abstract "SARS CoV2: Although the lung is the predominantly affected tissue in humans, other tissues such as the kidney (especially proximal tubule cells) and liver are also affected by SARS CoV2 infection. Clarifying the mechanisms of tissue targeting would improve understanding of disease course and transmissibility. The highest ACE2 expression was found in the gall bladder (mucous, endothelial, glandular, and smooth muscle cells), Sertoli cells from the testis, kidney epithelial cells (mostly proximal tubule cells), the lung (ciliated, club and, in particular, alveolar type 2 AT2 cells) and the liver cells (hepatocytes). The concentration of ACE2 in these tissues was notably heterogeneous, suggesting that regulatory mechanisms fine-tune its expression levels [1]. Double-positive (ACE2+TMPRSS2+) cells have a higher risk of infection by SARS-CoV-2, and the largest numbers of these cells were noticed in gall bladder cells, in agreement with reports of patients with COVID-19 developing acute cholecystitis. Considerable coexpression was also observed in cells from the lung and kidney, with less overlap observed in other cell types such as bladder epithelial cells and pancreatic ductal and islet cells. A comparative analysis of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression was performed in monkeys and humans. Similar patterns were seen in the liver in these two species, whereas more distinct patterns were observed in the gall bladder, kidney, and lung [2–5]. Spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 has a broad host tropism for mammalian ACE2 receptors, despite divergence in the amino acids at the Spike receptor binding site on these proteins. Of the 22 different hosts that were investigated, ACE2 proteins from dog, cat, and cattle were the most permissive to SARS-CoV-2, while bat and bird ACE2 proteins were the least efficiently used receptors [6]. The absence of a significant tropism for any of the three genetically distinct bat ACE2 proteins indicates that SARS-CoV-2 receptor usage likely shifted during zoonotic transmission from bats into people, possibly via an intermediate reservoir [6]. Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 receptor usage to the related coronaviruses SARS-CoV and RaTG13 identified distinct tropisms, with the two human viruses being more closely aligned. Using bioinformatic analyses, structural data, and targeted mutagenesis, amino acid residues within the Spike-ACE2 interface were identified, which might have played a pivotal role in the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in humans. The apparently broad tropism of SARS-CoV-2 at the point of viral entry confirms the potential risk of infection to a wide range of companion animals, livestock, as well as wild-life species." @default.
• W4378695930 created "2023-05-30" @default.
• W4378695930 creator A5062085306 @default.
• W4378695930 date "2023-01-01" @default.
• W4378695930 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W4378695930 title "Tissue compartments and organs related to Coronaviruses, lentiviruses, dengue, Zika, and Nipah viruses" @default.
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• W4378695930 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-443-13267-4.00001-6" @default.
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