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• W4379419992 abstract "REVIEWS 349 emerged to the railroadprojectsfrom differentbureaucraticsectors,Nicholas stayed the course. However, he did not propose a massive expansion of railroadbuilding acrossthe empire. He also did not allow privateinvestment thatwould have undoubtedlyexpanded the development quickly.In addition, upon completion of the St Petersburg-Moscow line in I85I, he proposed another state-supported line from St Petersburg to Warsaw. It is obvious today, but also to his contemporaries,thatthiswas a criticalmistake.Nicholas should have developed furtherraillines from Moscow south, especiallyto the Crimea. Haywood also gives a mixed picture of Nicholas by noting that in I842 Russia was not far behind England and the United States in railroad development, but by I855 when Russia had only 653 miles of track, many European nations and the United States far exceeded this number by many times. The book is divided into five large chapters, with an introduction and an epilogue. Each chapter is furtherdivided into partsand subpartsas Haywood provides a well-written, detailed, and compelling narrativeof this topic. For instance, chapter one is solely concerned with the planning period from I842- I843, but includesthe detailsof thefinancialconcerns,labourconcerns, and even technical details of what to do with the swamps and how to cut culverts.Each chapter continues the storywithjust as much detail. Haywood claims that his work is simplya narrativeor even a referenceworkand not an analysis,but that might be diminishingthe importance of thisvolume. Either way the scholar uses it, the book provides the kind of in-depth information that is so important for further research and more analytical work on the political, economic, and military importance of railroad development in Russia during the nineteenth century. The volume is nicely supplemented with a few maps, a fine index, and an excellent bibliography. College ofDuPage WILLIAM B. WHISENHUNT Glen Ellyn,Illinois Koblitz, Ann Hibner. Science, Women andRevolution inRussia.Womenin Science. Harwood Academic Publishers,Amsterdam, 2000. XV+ 2 I I pp. Notes. Chronology. Glossaryof names. Glossaryof terms. Bibliography.Index. $48.oo: /32.OO. BIOGRAPHER of Sofia Kovalevskaia,the firstfemale professorof mathematics in the nineteenth century, Ann Hibner Koblitz is well placed to examine the relationship between feminism, science and progressive politics. Her focus here is on the tsarist empire and the women of the i86os who challenged patriarchal values and norms in both society and politics. The first chapter provides a useful overview of the period and of the women, and their male supporters, who saw study of the natural sciences as the way to overcome Russia'sbackwardness.Koblitz then adoptsa thematicapproachwhich, while it entailssome repetition, is usefulin tryingto answerthe question sheposes of how Russianwomen were able to make such stridesin the sciences, compared to women in the west. While the analysisof the i86os is ratheroptimisticin its assessmentof the supportfor such women fromthe male scientificcommunity 350 SEER, 8o, 2, 2002 (notably as mentors and collaborators),the obstacles to women establishing themselvesand being accepted as the professionalequalsof men in the natural sciences are not underplayed.The fact that between twenty-fiveand fortyper cent of the Russian women who studied in western Europe in the i86os and early I870s obtained some kind of advanced scientific or medical degree is remarkable.That was no guarantee of employment at home, however, as the autocracy tried to control women's access to both education and careers in the sciences and medicine. Koblitz observes that what many contemporary feminists and later historianshave seen as a triumph the establishmentin the i 870s of 'higherwomen's courses'in the big cities of the tsaristempire could be seen as a step back for women in science, since they offered certificatesof competence ratherthan degrees. Koblitz considers why such women were 'lost' as role models for future female scientists. Certainly, they were very supportive of each other, both personally and professionally, but tsarist regulations prevented many from becoming mentors, even in the higher women's courses. A few did, one example being the mathematician Elizaveta Litvinova, who was influential for, among many others, Nadezhda Krupskaia,later a Bolshevikpedagogue (itis refreshingto see Krupskaiadescribedin a professionalcapacity, and only incidentally as Lenin'swife). With the assassinationof Alexander II, a period of reaction set in which found women such as Krupskaia turning to direct revolutionaryaction. From the mid I86os, there were novels..." @default.
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• W4379419992 date "2002-04-01" @default.
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• W4379419992 title "Science, Women and Revolution in Russia by Ann Hibner s> Koblitz (review)" @default.
• W4379419992 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/see.2002.0107" @default.
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