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• W4379433765 abstract "774 SEER, 88, 4, OCTOBER 2OIO authorities usedterror toachievethesegoalsbut,unlike during the1930s, they maintained a tightgripon itsapplication:terror was targeted againstvery specific groups,such as the UPA, and partymemberssubjectedto purges facedexclusionor demotionratherthanexecution.At the same time,the regimeplaced greater emphasison propagandain orderto winthesupport of locals in the Westernprovinces.It showeditselfto be flexiblein the methodsemployed, as evidentin the policyof limitedUkrainianization in Western Ukraine.Indeed,thoughtheregimeopposedtheUPA's separatist goals,itdidallowsomeroomfortheexpression ofa Ukrainian identity, granting Ukrainea specialplace in the hierarchy of Sovietnationsas Russia's littlebrother' whiletrying to appointlocal cadresin Ukraine. Atfirst glance,theseconclusions reflect Boeckh'scallfora moredifferentiatedunderstanding ofStalinism thatgoesbeyondthetotalitarian andrevisionistapproaches .However,throughout hermonograph, Boeckhseemstoplace moreemphasis on Stalinism as a regime imposedfrom aboveuponan unwilling population.At times,she claimsthatthe West Ukrainianpopulation rejectedSoviet proclamationsand measureswithoutprovidingsufficient evidenceforthis.Indeed,itwouldbe interesting to knowhowtheUkrainian populationof Galicia, whichcertainly was generally hostileto the Soviet regime, viewedthemorepositive - fromthepointofviewofa Ukrainian nationalist aspectsofSovietrule ,forinstancetheexpulsionofthePolish population. The rangeofBoeckh'sknowledge is impressive. Her workincludesmany interesting factsand references thatwillbe ofuse to researchers. The monograph 'sbreadth,however,provesto be a drawback.Boeckhmovesswiftly fromtopicto topic,notalwaysrelating themto each otheror back to her overallargument. The moregeneralsectionsprovidea usefulsummary of their subjectfornewstudents oftheSovietUnionand Ukraine,butareperhapslessinteresting forspecialists, whilethedetailoftheprimary research is perhapstoo specific foranyonebutexperts. This givestheworkan uneven feeland itis unclearexactly forwhomitis intended. Stalinismus inderUkraine, therefore, containsmuchwhichis useful.It will hopefully inspire and helphistorians toundertake further research on Ukraine afterthe Second World War, an area whichto date has been woefully neglected.However,unfortunately, Boeckh'smonographhas a numberof flaws whichmaydenyitthelasting impactwhichsucha comprehensive work wouldotherwise deserve. Regensburg C. R. GlLLEY Kemp-Welch, A. Poland underCommunism: A Cold War History.Cambridge University Press,Cambridgeand New York,2008.xii + ''' pp. Notes. Bibliography. Index.£50.00: $99.00. The economicsituation couldnothavebeen moredire.After yearsofliving above itsmeanswithgovernment subsidized foodpricesthatdid notreflect the actual cost of food and worldmarketprices,the Polish government reviews 775 was forcedto respondwithpricehikesforbasic staplesand meat without increasing wages.The peoplewentontothestreets and massivestrikes shut offnationalproduction. The government was forcedto withdraw theprice hikes andcontinued thesubsidies withmoney borrowed from Western capitalists .In a greattwist ofirony, justliketheChineseCommunist loanstoWashington haveallowedAmericans to continue their bad consumerist habitsand liveabovetheir meansduring thepasttwenty years, Western loanskeptfood prices on an affordable level and the Communistsin power in Poland during theCold War.The economicsituation becameincreasingly untenable. Servicing thegrowing nationaldebt,letalonepayingbacktheloans,became prohibitive. Whenwouldthebreaking pointbe reached? This verysituation repeateditself in December 1970, June 1976,August 1980and was on theagenda again formuchofthelate 1980s.Poland was 'thesocialist country whichhad knownthelargestnumberofsociopolitical crisessince its creation'(JacquesLévesque, TheEngima ofigSg, Berkeley, CA, 1997,p. 126).A. Kemp-Welch'sfinebook is in largepart about this perennial dramaofsociopolitical crisis in Polandduring mostofthetimethe Communists wereinpower.After a summary oftheStalinist system imposed on Poland(including thedailyuse ofterror and thepersecution ofthestrongly rootedCatholic Church,a bastionof resistanceagainstCommunism), Kemp-Welchpursuesthe inherently fascinating storyof reform- the repeatedattempts at political and economicliberalization after Stalin'sdeath in 1953and Khrushchev's secretspeechin 1956. KempWelch 'sfocuson growing 'polycentrism' (p. 93n)intheCommunist sphereafterKhrushchev made peace withTitoism,producesa transnational history ofopposition, resistance, subversion and protest in Moscow'sEastern Europeansatellites, lasting formuchoftheperiodofSovietcontrol overthe region.This book places theunique Polishprotests ofJune 1956in Poznan - whentensofthousands ofworkers and peasantstookto thestreets and attackedCommunist partyheadquarters, yelling'Down withthe Russians! Down withtheGermans!We wantFree Poland' (p. 87) - intothelarger context ofa rebellious bloc,whendemonstrations turnedto insurrections in Polandand Hungary. He demonstrates howclosely thePolishand Hungarian events of1956wereinterrelated (when, mostsymbolically, thousands ofPolish workers and students and pensioners donatedbloodtotheHungarianrebels, p. 115).The importance ofthe1956events was thatToles regainedfreedom ofexpression, an experience thatcan be abruptly terminated butcannotbe so easilyforgotten' (p. 115).The seedsoftheSolidarity movement had been sown. In November1970,Polishfamilies 'spenthalftheir budgetonfood'(p. 180). When the Politburoraised food pricesby 40 per cent rightbeforethe Christmas season,people tookto thestreets, fearing 'thespectreofhunger' (p. 181).The ship-building regionoftheBalticcoastaroundGdanskbecame thecentre ofworker protest. In a fascinating detailfrom a bookrichindetails culled fromCommunistPartyarchives,Kemp-Welchexplainswhy. The Germanpopulationhad been expelledfromDanzig at the end of World War Two and peopledisplacedfrom further eastsettled in thecity. Younger workers, who joined the labour forceafter1956,had escaped the worst Stalinistrepression.These were the people who took to the streetsin 776 SEER, 88, 4, OCTOBER 2OIO December1970chanting 'We wantbread!We wanttruth!' (p. 183).After this insurgency, Gomulkalosthisjob as first partysecretary and was replacedby Gierekwho revokedthedetested pricehikes.Buttheproblemofdeepening economiccrisis wouldnotgo away. The samepeoplerepeated thedramainGdanskinthehotsummer of1980. This timethefreelabourunionSolidarnoscemerged in a generalstrike with Lech Walçsa as itscharismatic leader.This timeitwas Gierekwho resigned and theCommunist Partyrespondedwithmartiallaw to repressand..." @default.
• W4379433765 created "2023-06-06" @default.
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• W4379433765 date "2010-10-01" @default.
• W4379433765 modified "2023-10-01" @default.
• W4379433765 title "Poland under Communism: A Cold War History by A. Kemp-Welch (review)" @default.
• W4379433765 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/see.2010.0094" @default.
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