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• W4379617309 abstract "REPORT□ BANANAS Decent Work for African plantation workers Forbananas is thisthe muchheraldedshift toAfrica? ALISTAIR SMITH IS INTERNATIONAL COORDINATOR OF UK-BASED NGO BANANA LINK AND HAS WORKED SINCE THE MID-1990S WITH LATIN AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL TRADE UNIONS. Although Africa, foodsecurity the banana continent's in and most plantain countries role in are of the crucial tropical world to Although foodsecurity inmostcountries oftropical Africa, the continent's role in the world bananaeconomy has,atleastuntil now,beenrelativelyminor .WithSomalia,Cape Verde and Madagascar dropping outofinternational trade in the 1990s,thisleftjustCameroon,IvoryCoast andGhanaas thecontinent's exporting countries. In 2010 Mozambiqueenteredthe fray, initially sendingfruit to nearbyMiddleEastern markets, and Chiquitaannouncedithad done a deal to securelandforbananasinEthiopia. Despitetheincrease inhectarage inthelastfive years,notablyin Ghana, when a Compagnie Fruitière subsidiary started a majornew export operation in 2005,Mozambique, and to a lesser extentCameroon,the fourcountriescurrently exporting stillaccountforless thanfourpercent of international banana trade.Putanother way, thisisjustoverhalftheUK'sshareofworldconsumption ; or equal to theaverageconsumption ofFranceinthemid-2000s. Trade policymatters Virtually all exports fromAfricago to the EuropeanUnion(EU), withFranceand theUK being the primary destinations. This is due to geographical proximity and locationoftheshipping lines, but also to the factthat,as excolonies , Africanexporting countries have enjoyedsubstantial tariff preferences overLatin Americanfruit in the singleEuropeanmarket since 1993. The marketers of African bananas have neverhad to pay any dutyto get their bananasintotheEU,unliketheir 'dollarbanana' competitors. The successful moveto securecontinuedduty -free access forthelong-term future through ^wnrO-compatible EconomicPartnership Agreements (EPAs) withtheEU meansthatthe foreign fruit companies arelikely tostayinAfrica andbe looking toexpandproduction iftheir new operations aresuccessful. In thecase ofMozambiqueand Ethiopia, permanent duty-free accessto theEU is guaranteed undertheso-called'Everything ButArms'(EBA) preferential tradeagreement thattheEU reached withtheLeastDeveloped Countries. Unlikethe EPAsthatare stillon thenegotiating table,the deal withthe world'spoorestcountries is not 'reciprocal'; in other words,theEU does notget freeaccess to themarkets ofthosecountries as partoftheEBAtradedeal. However, therealeconomicdriver that hasled totherushtoprospect newproduction locations in Africa is the strongdownwardpressureon pricespaidtothebigfruit companies inthelarge northern retail markets, combined withverylow labourcosts. Significantly, in order to avoidhaving to paythe €1 76/tonne EUtariff after the endofthe World Trade Organisation waiver in2008allthree banana-exporting countries broke ranks with their regional neighbours in thewestern andcentral African regional groupings when they signed bilateral interim agreements with the EUinDecember 2007.TheEconomic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) andthe Economic and Monetary Community ofCentral Africa (CEMAC) were meant to signfully reciprocal regional Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) with theEUby31 December 2007,but when itbecame clear that this was notgoingto happen, thegovernments of Cameroon, Ivory Coast and Ghana, - under heavy pressure from Compagnie Fruitière andother big traders signed interim deals toensure that they did not have to pay tariffs ontheir banana and cocoa exports tothe EU. Although thejuryis stilloutas towhether Africa willbecomea reallymajorsourceofsupplyfor thebigconsumer markets oftheNorth, itis clear that African workers andtheir organisations have everyreason to be developingstrategies for ensuring thattheemployment createdis decent and thattradeunionrights arenoterodedinthe way theyhave been in recentdecades in Latin America. The workers,the companies, the unions Morethan90 percent ofthetotalAfrican banana export volumeofjustoverhalfa million tonnes peryearis accountedforbymedium and largescale plantation producers linkedto one of the threebiggestfruit companies:Dole/Compagnie Fruitière in West Africaand Cameroon;Del Monte in Cameroon;Chiquitain Mozambique and Ethiopia.Smallholders have not had any stakeintheexpansion overthelasttwodecades. Thereareestimated tobe a quarter ofa million people whose livelihooddepends on income fromjobs in exportingcompanies- around 30,000direct plantation and packhouseworkers. This is a muchhighernumberof workers per hectareof exportbananasplantedthanin Latin America, as, forthetimebeingat least,working hoursand, above all, the ratesof productivity (perworker) are considerably lowerthanintraditional exportingcountrieslike Costa Rica, Panama, Guatemala,Colombia, Honduras or Ecuador. Two Africanbanana workersin three are employedby the FrenchCompagnieFruitière (CF). Dole Food Companyowns 40 percentof thesharesin CF sincethemid-1990s, although theCalifornian fruit multinational has little influence on labouror environmental policiesofCF on thegroundin Africa. So thepoliciesof this companyare crucialin defining working conditionsand attitudes towards tradeunionrights in INTERNATIONAL union rights Pa9e 22Volume 18Issue 1201 1 Banana worker, Ghana, Bananalink (20081 thecontinent. CF has been activefordecades in bothIvoryCoastand Cameroon.Between2003 and 2005,thecompanyinvested substantially in Ghana,forming a pineappleand banana subsidiary , Golden ExoticsLtd,whichenjoys'free tradezone' status. Mostoftheremaining third of workers are employed by the Cameroon Development Corporation (CDC) thathas a contract withFreshDel Montesincethelate 1980s. Although Del Monteis not the employer, the company controls virtually all decisionsconcerningproduction and labourconditions. Wages and unionrights Although medium andlarge-scale bananaplantationsemployhighlevelsoflabourcomparedto anyotherexportcommodity, information from tradeunionsin Cameroonand interviews..." @default.
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• W4379617309 date "2011-01-01" @default.
• W4379617309 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W4379617309 title "Decent Work for African plantation workers" @default.
• W4379617309 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/iur.2011.0028" @default.
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