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• W4379745897 abstract "The current global estimates indicate that the number of people living outside their countries of origin reached 281 million in 20201. The vast majority of people emigrate internationally for reasons related to work, family and studies. Others leave their homes and countries for a combination of compelling, and sometimes tragic, reasons. Between 2000-2020, the number of people fleeing conflict, crises, persecution, violence or human rights violations doubled from 17 to 34 million, according to the 2020 report of the United Nation Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA). The report also estimated that the COVID-19 pandemic may have slowed migration, bringing down the number of migrants by about 2 million by mid-2020, which is 27 percent less than expected since mid-2019. Among those disproportionately affected are displaced persons, such as refugees and internally displaced persons (IDP), who are in most cases, the ones needing assistance and support. This paper will examine the situation of migrants and refugees in the Arab world, and their human rights, in terms of access to quality public services, labour rights, social protection, occupational health and safety and the right to organise. It will also shed light on the situation of migrants and refugees in the context of the health crisis brought about by the COVID 19 pandemic. Finally, it will highlight the role of trade unions and public service workers in defending migrants and refugees from a human rights-based approach. Multiple Crises Facing the Arab Region Before addressing the situation of migrants in the Arab region, it is necessary to refer to the prevailing situation in the region. From 2020 to date, the Arab region continued to witness multidimensional crises, taking the form of conflicts, wars, economic and social inequalities, all of which were further worsened by the pandemic and its severe repercussions at the economic, social, and political levels. Unemployment in the Arab region is expected to increase by 1.2 percentage points, which means the loss of around 1.7 million jobs2. At the same time, the Arab region registers some of the highest rates of inequality around the world, and informal employment accounts for 50 percent of jobs3, with a majority of these jobs undertaken by migrants and women workers. The region lacks universal social protection systems and is thus unable to protect workers and ensure their dignity during work stoppages. According to the most recent estimates by the UN World Economic Forecasting Model (WEFM), GDP per capita in 14 Arab countries is projected to decline by 5.7 percent in 2020 before rebounding to a modest 1.2 percent in 20214. It is also expected that the pandemic will lead to a deterioration in the distribution of income. An additional 16 million people are predicted to fall in national poverty line and an additional 9 million people in extreme poverty (earning below 1.9 USD per day)5. According to an ESCWA preliminary estimate, the region will lose at least USD42 billion in income in 2020 due to the Corona pandemic. ESCWA also considered that the global spread of the virus and the growing impact of low oil prices could aggravate income losses. In the face of these challenges, countries in the Arab region are fighting the pandemic with very weak and fragile public health systems. Many reasons are behind this scarcity: authoritarian regimes that led to drain of skills in the health sector, lack of democracy combined with corruption, bad management, and neo-liberal policies imposed by the International Financial Institutions, privatisation accompanied with ‘the liberalisation of the work contracts’ and reliance on temporary workers and the informal sector, exacerbated by austerity measures and the reduction of public health spending. In spite of lack of social protection, low salaries, inadequate facilities including lack of PPEs, medical staff, nurses, doctors and other health and care workers remained at the frontlines providing health care to patients. Migrants and refugees in the COVID-19 pandemic The Arab region is home to millions of migrant workers with the highest number in Saudi Arabia (13 million). It is also home to millions of refugees, around 80 percent of them living in low- and middle-income countries in 2020, like in..." @default.
• W4379745897 created "2023-06-08" @default.
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• W4379745897 date "2021-01-01" @default.
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• W4379745897 title "Public Service Workers and their Unions: Defending access to health services as a human right, inclusive social protection and the right to organise for migrant and refugee workers in the Arab Region" @default.
• W4379745897 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/iur.2021.a838134" @default.
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