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• W4379779968 abstract "translated and edited by LARS FLETRE 10 The Vossing Correspondence Society of 1848 and the Report of Adam Lfvenskjold IN sloop THE Restauration TWENTY-FIVE YEARS in 1825, after more the arrival than 18,000 of the sloop Restauration in 1825, more than 18,000 Norwegians settled in the United States, the main migratory stream commencing in 1836. This early movement of people represented only a small beginning of the total Norwegian exodus to the New World, but by midcentury permanent settlements had been established in the states of Illinois and Wisconsin. A number of immigrants had entered Iowa and others were poised ready to move westward with the advancing American frontier.1 Chicago became a major immigration center and the gateway to the Northwest; many newcomers passed through the city on their way to regions farther west. It was therefore significant that a sizable colony of Norwegians grew up in Chicago. Extensive co-operation among them, according to Hjalmar Rued Holand, was not always assured within the group, except to a degree in church matters; nevertheless the activities of these immigrants promoted contact with scattered communities as well as with the homeland. Although David Johnson, a sailor who came in 1834, has been credited with being 245 Lars Fletre the first Norwegian in the city, settlement has generally been dated from 1836, only three years after a town had been platted on the marshy lowlands at the mouth of the Chicago River. Among the first arrivals were Nils Knutson R0te and his wife, both from Voss; their coming heralded the development in the next few years of a substantial Vossing colony that asserted considerable influence within the larger immigrant community. The Vossing contingent included several diligent and able letter writers who corresponded with relatives in Norway and stimulated emigration.2 Their America letters, as the written reports back home to family and friends were called, presented an image of the New World that stirred the imagination and generated an excitement that swept Norway. Often the letters were copied and recopied, sent from neighbor to neighbor, and frequently printed in newspapers. An early writer was Gjert G. Hovland, an immigrant of 1831, whose letters disseminated information about America in the vicinity of Bergen. There are recorded instances of individuals who emigrated as a result of reading them. Hovland's writings also brought news of America to Voss. The America letters might have been overly optimistic . They almost universally emphasized better circumstances and greater opportunity for personal advancement . Many told of freedom and equality; here, the common man need not bow to clergy or secular officials.3 Norwegian authorities became disturbed by the rising tide of emigration in the late 1830s, and they made a determined effort to stem it. Agitation against leaving the homeland appeared in newspapers and pamphlets, official coercion to check it occurred, and ministers thundered against emigration from the pulpit. Well known is Bishop Jacob Neumann's word of admonition to the peasants of the diocese of Bergen in 1837; it appealed to them to remain at home and marshaled evi246 VOSSING CORRESPONDENCE SOCIETY dence about the perils of the voyage and the difficulties of pioneering.4 Efforts to curtail emigration found support in the letters and writings of discontented immigrants: examples are Peter Testman's pamphlet of 1839, that gave a rather gloomy account of the hardships a new settler might encounter . The pioneer minister J. W. C. Dietrichson's letters from the 1840s described vividly the disadvantages of letting oneself be enticed over here. These unfavorable reports were used by anti-emigration forces to discourage people from setting out for America. This endeavor was apparently somewhat successful, for by 1840 emigration virtually stopped - but not for long; in the 1840s it resumed on a large scale.5 Immigrant disillusionment with America may in part be attributed to the depression after the panic of 1837, which produced business failures, the closing of banks, and a rapid decline of farm prices. Settlers, however, occasionally as a group, defended the New World against hostile criticisms. The famous Muskego manifesto of 1845 is an example of the faith and selfassertion of the Norwegian pioneers; eighty men in the settlement..." @default.
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• W4379779968 date "1979-01-01" @default.
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• W4379779968 title "The Vossing Correspondence Society of 1848 and the Report of Adam L�venskjold" @default.
• W4379779968 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/nor.1979.a799150" @default.
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